Digital signal comparison circuit in a performance monitoring and test system

ABSTRACT

A DS3 level access, monitor and test system including a digital comparator for a telephone network. A high speed bit-for-bit compare is interfaced to a protect path to provide 1:1 fault protection in the system of the present invention. Full time performance monitoring on DS1 and DS3 signals is performed by a shared resource. The system of the present invention provides an integrated approach to synchronization measurement and relative synchronization.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/118,443, filed Sep. 7, 1993, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.Ser. No. 07/862,470, filed Apr. 2, 1992, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to telephone networks, and moreparticularly to a system and method for accessing, monitoring andtesting a telephone network.

2. Description of the Related Technology

The telephone industry has changed drastically since the divestiture ofthe Bell System. Today, seven regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs)and independent telephone companies provide local telephone servicewithin 166 Local Access Transport Areas (LATAs). These companies areforced to rely on interexchange carriers such as AT&T, MCI and Sprintfor transmission of calls from one LATA to another. The responsibilityfor quality and performance of the telephone circuit is thus splitbetween local telephone companies and interexchange carriers.

RBOCs are under pressure for financial performance as independentcompanies. With rates restricted by utility commissions, and facingrising costs and new competition with restrictions on transmission ofcalls beyond LATA boundaries, telephone companies find themselves facedwith rapid introduction of new technology, smarter business customers,and antiquated network maintenance systems.

Demand for information transmission increased dramatically during the1980s. At the beginning of the decade most data transmission systemsinterfaced a predominantly analog network through relatively low speedmodems. Those desiring "high speed" transmission generally opted for the56 kbps rate of the digital data system (DDS).

Considerable pressure for increases in such transmission rates came fromthe desire to take advantage of the increasing capabilities andcomputation speeds of computers and other business systems. Improvementsin transmission technology during the decade fueled the momentum of theincrease in transmission rates. The replacement of copper cables withglass fiber expanded the transmission capacity of outside plants manytimes over. At the same time, improvements in electronics and codingalgorithms yielded terminal equipment designed to take advantage of theenormous increase in bandwidth which accompanied the conversion to fiberoptics.

In the absence of a standard, virtually all lightwave vendors chose DS3(44.736 Mbps) as the interface between the lightwave terminal and thenetwork. FIG. 1 illustrates the prior art North American DigitalHierarchy having a DS0 (64 kbps) level 102, a DS1 (1.544 Mbps) level104, a DS2 (6.312 Mbps) level 106 and a DS3 (44.736 Mbps) level 108.This hierarchy is defined by ANSI T1.102-1987 --"Digital Hierarchy,Electrical Interfaces", The American National Standards Institute, Inc.,New York, 1987. DS2 is important as a link between DS1 and DS3. Eventhough there is little growth in DS2 as a transport medium, the DS2level exists in every muldem (multiplexer/demultiplexer) or othernetwork element which must interface DS1 and DS3 signals. Although DS0is essentially confined to digital signals, reference to analog voicefrequency signals is included in FIG. because of widespread interfacingof such signals to the DS1 level of hierarchy by digital channel banks.

The transition of telecommunications into the 1990s will thus occur withthe DS3 rate used almost universally for interfaces within the network.DS1 transmission between customers and operating companies is nowcommonplace, and an ever increasing number of customers are seeking tointerface with service providers and with other end users at even higherrates. The DS2 rate, seemingly a logical intermediate step between DS1and DS3, has proved to be uneconomical for transport except in certainspecial cases. Thus, DS3 is proving to be the underlying building blockfor high bandwidth, light signals.

FIG. 2 is a prior art, simplified model of a lightwave network 120showing four example network carriers (Carrier A, Carrier B, Carrier Cand Carrier D) and how a DS0 level line 130, a DS1 level line 132, a DS3level line 134 and a fiber optic (light) line 136 are used tointerconnect a customer X 140 to a customer Y 142. The equipment at thecustomer premise or site 140 and 142 could be, for example, a telephone,a facsimile modem or a data modem.

A multiplexer/demultiplexer or channel bank 144 is used to multiplex 24DS0 level signals on the line 130 into one DS1 level signal on the line132. In this model 120, a M1/3 muldem 146 is used to multiplex 28 DS1level signals on the line 132 into one DS3 level signal on the line 134.The DS3 level signals on the line 134 are further combined by Carrier Ausing a lightwave transport multiplexer 122 into a fiber optic signal onthe line 136. In this model 120, three Central Offices 152, 154 and 156are used, with the middle Central Office 154 having three carrierscross-connected at the DS3 level by use of a cross-connect 158.

A long distance call from customer X 140 to customer Y 142 involves manylevels of multiplexing and many transport carrier handoffs. Carrier A isthe local operating company of customer X 140, and owns Central Offices152 and 154. Carrier B and Carrier C are long distance carriers, andCarrier D is the local operating company that owns Central Office 156and services customer Y 142.

A call from customer X 140 to customer Y 142 involves three centraloffices and three transport carriers. As the call traverses the network120, it may be processed by several network elements, such as channelbanks 144, M1/3 muldems 146, 128, and lightwave transport multiplexers122, 126 with each element having its own surveillance techniques.Maintenance and billing problems are not uncommon with this interaction.

Most network elements incorporate some form of monitoring, test, andcontrol of the data that they process. However, none of these optionssupports the continuous monitor or test access of DS3 and all embeddedchannels.

Although the cost of bandwidth has plummeted to the extent that it nolonger worries facility planners as it did in previous decades, the moveto DS3 is not without its costs. Chief among them are the lack ofconvenient and economical test access to lower rate channels embedded inthe DS3 bit stream and the lack of surveillance systems designed to takeadvantage of the performance data embedded in the DS3 formatted signal.

DS3 (and to a lesser extent DS1) signals carry large amounts of data perunit time and represent a considerable financial investment on the partof the end user, for whom bandwidth is not as inexpensive as it hasbecome for the operating company facility planner. The operating companyusing DS3 runs the risk of a substantial outage in the case of acrippling impairment or total failure of such high-speed digitalfacilities. Those who manage the DS3 facilities of both end users andservice providers are thus quite interested in the performance of thedigital links in their networks. They are not satisfied to let theperformance information embedded in the bit streams they deal withsimply pass on by without extracting data which can be quite useful inmanaging the network and in minimizing the costly impact of serviceoutages.

It is possible to acquire a DS3 signal at the monitor jack of a DSX-3cross-connect panel and demultiplex from the DS3 whatever subsidiarysignals are desired. Such signals may then be patched into portable testequipment or routed to test systems for analysis. There are many testsets available which will analyze signals extracted at any rate from DS0to DS3. This technique, however, requires manual access to implement thepatching and allows the use of the test and/or surveillance equipment ononly one DS3 at a time. Portable test arrangements of this type do notgenerally allow the insertion of test signals or data into outgoingchannels of a DS3 bit stream without interrupting the other servicescarried by the same DS3.

A digital cross-connect system (DCS) might be considered for use as atest access vehicle in the DS3 network. The versatile and sophisticatedswitching capabilities of the DCS make it a costly access. There are, inaddition, impairments associated with the use of DCS which make itinadvisable to scatter such systems throughout the network at all pointsrequiring surveillance or test access. Among the impairments introducedby a DCS are delay, a certain amount of which is necessary tosynchronize incoming and outgoing frame structures, and robbed-bitwriteover distortion, the latter difficulty occurring only whenswitching down to the DS0 rate is provided.

To improve service while cutting costs, RBOCs have turned from portabletest equipment in the hands of field craftspeople, to permanentlyinstalled test systems connected to a central network management center;and from repair actions in response to a trouble report from customers,to proactive network performance monitoring and preventativemaintenance. Existing equipment available to telephone companiesprovides only a small portion of the functionality needed by telephonecompanies and is quite expensive.

Consequently, there is a need for DS3 surveillance and testing using asystem which is essentially transparent to in-service DS3 lines andpaths, which provides non-intrusive surveillance and performancemonitoring, which can provide intrusive test access when required andwhich is economical enough to install at all points requiring DS3surveillance or test access. There is also a need for network managersto have access to comprehensive performance data embedded in the DS3format in order to make informed decisions about the operations of theirDS3 networks.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an integrated access, performancemonitoring and test system to help companies efficiently manage theirhigh speed telecommunications network. The access system allowstelephone companies to continuously monitor the performance of allcircuits from their network management center, identifying degradationof service before a service-affecting outage occurs. All DS3 signalspassing through the system are monitored for performance indicatorsspecified by Bellcore transmission requirements.

The presently preferred access system is essentially transparent to theDS3 network except for the injection of an absolute delay of less than10 microseconds unless transmitting an alarm signal. The systeminteracts with circuits embedded in the DS3 signal by transmittingoutgoing information on any such circuit without affecting transmissionon the other circuits of the DS3.

In one aspect of the present invention, there is a compare circuit fortwo digital signals, comprising a delay for one of the signals, an m-bitshift register for receiving the signal from the delay, an n-bit shiftregister for receiving the other signal, and an m-bit comparator forsimultaneously comparing each of the m-bits with one of the n-bits.

A method for comparing two digital signals, comprising the steps of:delaying one of the signals; storing m bits of the delayed signal;storing n bits of the other signal; simultaneously comparing each of them bits with one of the n bits; and generating a compare signal basedupon the comparison.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of the North American digital hierarchy used in atelephone network accessed by the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary simplified network model;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary simplified network modelhaving a set of DS3 signal access systems of the present invention shownas Integrated Transport Access Units (ITAUs);

FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of the presently preferred accesssystem architecture according to the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a system block diagram of the access system shown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the DS3 interface module shown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is an operational flowchart of the access system shown in FIGS. 4and 5;

FIG. 8 is an input/output (I/O) diagram of the Drop and Insert (DAI)circuit shown in FIG. 6;

FIGS. 9 is a high level block diagram of the DAI circuit shown in FIG.8;

FIG. 10a is a detailed block diagram of the DAI circuit shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10b is a block diagram of the DAI M23 Demultiplexer subcircuitshown in FIG. 10a;

FIG. 10c is a block diagram of the DAI M12 Demultiplexer subcircuitshown in FIG. 10a;

FIG. 10d is a block diagram of the DAI DS1 Monitor subcircuit shown inFIG. 10a;

FIG. 10e is a block diagram of the DAI Recombiner subcircuit shown inFIG. 10a;

FIG. 10f is a block diagram of the DAI Processor Interface subcircuitshown in FIG. 10a;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of the pseudo DS2 insert portion of the DAIrecombiner shown in FIG. 10e;

FIG. 12 is a diagram of a DS3 Framing Format for the DS3 level shown inFIG. 1;

FIG. 13 is a diagram of DS3 Overhead Bits for the DS3 level shown inFIG. 1;

FIG. 14 is a diagram of DS3 C-bit Parity Overhead Bits for the DS3 levelshown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 15a is a block diagram of the lookahead framer portion of the DAIM23 Demux shown in FIG. 10b and FIG. 15b is a diagram associated with apyramid shift register of FIG. 15a;

FIG. 16 is a functional block diagram of a portion of the access systemshown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Highwayshown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 18 is a timing/bit format diagram of a set of PCM Highway timeslots;

FIG. 19 is a timing/bit format diagram of the PCM Highway transmitstatus timing providing details of two time slots shown in FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 is an input/output (I/O) diagram of the asynchronous Time SlotInterchange (TSI) circuit shown in FIG. 6;

FIG. 21a is a top level block diagram of the asynchronous TSI circuitshown in FIG. 20;

FIG. 21b is a block diagram of the TSI Facilities Data Link (FDL)subcircuit shown in FIG. 21a;

FIG. 21c is a block diagram of the TSI Frequency Counter subcircuitshown in FIG. 21a;

FIG. 21d is a block diagram of the TSI Subrate Handler subcircuit shownin FIG. 21a;

FIG. 22 is a timing diagram of the interface between the TSI and DAI;

FIG. 23 is a block diagram of the Facilities Data Link (FDL)microcontroller interface shown in FIG. 6;

FIG. 24 is a block diagram of the TSI FDL Handler logic shown in FIG.23;

FIG. 25 is a timing diagram of the FDL interface timing in reference toFIGS. 23 and 24;

FIG. 26 is a block diagram of the DS3 data paths for a pair of DS3interface modules shown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 27 is a block diagram of the DS3 protection of the access system,including the DS3 monitor module shown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 28 is a block diagram of the bit for bit compare portion of the DAIcircuit shown in FIG. 10a; and

FIG. 29 is a block diagram of the DS3 data path delay adjustment portionof the DS3 Linear Interface (LI) circuit shown in FIG. 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Reference is now made to the drawings wherein like numerals refer tolike parts throughout.

For convenience, the following description will be outlined into thefollowing four principal sections: System Overview, The DS3 Drop andInsert (DAI) Circuit, The Asynchronous Time Slot Interchange (TSI)Circuit and The Protect Path.

I. SYSTEM OVERVIEW

As shown in FIG. 3, the DS3 signal access, monitor and test system 170,also referred to as an Integrated Transport Access Unit (ITAU), isinstalled as an integral part of the fiber optic and microwave radiotransmission systems of the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs)and long distance carriers. The simplified network model 120 of FIG. 2is enhanced in FIG. 3 by the addition of the DS3 signal access system170 at several example positions in the network model 168. At CentralOffice 152, the DS1 signals 132 are multiplexed by the M1/3 muldem 146into the DS3 signal 134 which becomes the input for the access system170a. The access system 170 can accept the range from one DS3 signal upto a maximum of 96 DS3 signals as inputs, with the number of output DS3signals being the same number as input signals. Actually, the accesssystem 170 is bi-directional and the network itself is bi-directional inorder to handle two-way voice or data communication.

The access system 170a outputs, including the DS3 level line 134', arecombined by Carrier A using a lightwave transport multiplexer 122 into afiber optic signal on the line 136 or alternatively, into a microwavesignal by other known means to be transmitted to Central Office 154. AtCentral Office 154, for example, Carrier A demultiplexes the fiber opticsignal 136 into multiple DS3 level signals, via the demultiplexer 122,which are used as inputs to another access system 170b. Similarly,Carrier B and Carrier C can provide DS3 level signals to access systems170c and 170d, respectively. The outputs of the three access systems170b, 170c and 170d cross-connect at the point 158. A final accesssystem 170e could be installed as shown in Central Office 156 betweenCarrier C and Carrier D.

Interfacing at the DS3 rate, the access system 170 is capable ofregeneration of DS3 data, and provides one-for-one protection, using aprotection path scheme, to guarantee high reliability as will be shownhereinbelow. Delay through the access system 170 is nominal (less than10 microseconds) so that the system can be used at multiple networklocations, as shown in FIG. 3, with minimal effect on the end to end DS3path delay.

The access system 170 provides continuous performance monitoring of theDS3 channel 146 and all embedded DS1 circuits 132. As an embeddedmaintenance system, performance information is monitored and collectedwithout invoking data disruptions. The access system 170 provides accessto any embedded channel in the DS3 bit stream without causing servicedisruptions to the other channels, i.e., hitless access.

The access system 170 supports simultaneous, hitless access to: multipleDS1 signals for High Capacity Digital Service (HICAP or HCDS) testing;multiple embedded DS0 and subrate channels for testing and measurementof voice frequency (VF), digital data service (DDS), and signalling; andDS1 and DS0 craftsperson interface for test access digroup (TAD) andfacility access digroup (FAD). Subrate channels are subchannels of theDS0 DDS network for data applications such as a modem. Subrate DS0A canhave one subcustomer, while subrate DS0B can have multiple customers,depending on the data rate used.

Transport carriers, such as carriers 122, 124, 126 and 128, have thefreedom to place the access system 170 anywhere in the network.Applications for the access system 170 include use at the boundarybetween two carriers, for special services and DDS hubs, and at manned,unmanned or remote central offices. Control center interface with theaccess system 170 is provided through industry standard operationalsupport system (OSS) communication protocols as will be explained below.

FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram illustrating the architecture ofthe presently preferred access system 170. The access system 170 of thepresent invention connects inline to as many as 48 bi-directional DS3signals or 96 oneway DS3 signals, such as, for example, the DS3 signalfed across the line 134, to provide: continuous non-intrusiveperformance monitoring of DS3 and embedded DS1 channels; nonintrusiveperformance monitoring of DS0 and embedded channels, on demand; hitlessaccess to multiplexed DS1, DS0 and subrate channels; intrusive ornon-intrusive testing of DS1, DS0 and subrate channels; and anOperations System (OS) interface for reporting and control.

In general, the performance monitoring function stores notable eventsand calculates statistics such as error rates. Among others, theparameters and events monitored at the DS3 level by the access system170 include: frame format, bipolar violations (BPV) and loss of signal(LOS). DS3 level statistics, including, for example, frame formatstatus, F bit error count and frame parity error count, are stored andreported to the OS. Similarly, DS1 level performance monitoring andstatistics, and TAD/FAD performance monitoring are stored in memory bythe system 170.

The access system 170 also provides hitless monitor or split access toall DS1, DS0 and subrate channels in support of pre-service testing,verification or sectionalization of faults, and verification of repairs.A monitor access permits the system 170 to "listen" to the accessedchannel as it passes through the system undisturbed. Establishing ortearing down a monitor access does not cause disruption to the channelor to other components of the bit stream. A split access breaks thenormal through path of the channel and the received data from eachdirection has data inserted into the outgoing transmit channels.

Lastly, the access system 170 provides non-intrusive test capabilitiesfor extracting DS1, DS0 and subrate channels from received DS3 and DS1bit streams without affecting the transmission of the same informationthrough the system. Intrusive testing allows the writing of informationinto outgoing DS1, DS0 and subrate channels embedded in the DS3 bitstream. For example, intrusive tests include HCDS and DDSreconfiguration commands, looping commands, test patterns and voicefrequency test tones, and complex waveforms such as those required forP/AR tests.

Again referring to FIG. 4, the DS3 signal received on the line 134 isfed through a receiver or regenerator 172, which outputs a DS3 signalhaving the same digital information, then through a combiner 174, andthrough a transmitter or regenerator 176. A primary path relay 178,shown to be closed, allows the DS3 signal to be output from this primarypath across the output line 134'. Simultaneously, the incoming DS3signal is fed through two regenerators 172', 176', but a second relay,termed the protect path relay 178' is open thus preventing this protectpath from feeding its DS3 signal to the output line 134'. The relays178, 178' are operated cooperatively, as will be further discussedbelow, to apply the signal from only one of the two paths to the outputline 134' thus providing fail-safe transmission of the DS3 signalthrough the access system 170.

The performance monitoring functions of the access system, as discussedhereinabove, are conducted in the functional block indicated in FIG. 4at 180, which receives the DS3 signal from the primary path. Access andtest functions are accomplished by feeding the DS3 signal from theprimary path to a DS1/DS0 router 182 which selectively routes embeddedchannel data to one or more DS1 test resources 184 or DS0 test resources186. Since DS1 and DS0 test systems are well-known, the function of thetest resources 184, 186 will not be further discussed herein. A TAD/FADinterface line 188 for carrying a DS1 signal also connects to the router182 so that the access system 170 can be used as a remote test unit oras a local test unit for bit streams demultiplexed from incoming DS3signals with external test equipment. Note that tests requiring bitoverwrite communicate data via the router 182 to the combiner 174 wherebits are selectively overwritten in the DS3 signal.

Performance monitoring, access and test are controlled by a systemcontroller 190 via a High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) bus or link 192connected to the performance monitor 180, DS1/DS0 router 182 and the DS1and DS0 test resources 184, 186. The system controller 190 alsocommunicates with a user interface subsystem 194 that providescommunication to an OS (not shown) across a line 196 for control fromremote locations. The user interface decodes messages sent inTransaction Language 1 (TL1), generally used by modern mechanizedsystems, or Program Documentation System (PDS) formats. Man-MachineLanguage (MML) is used to interface with craft technicians. Thus, alocal telephone company, e.g., Bell South, or interexchange carrier,e.g., MCI, can gain immediate access to the DS3 and embedded channels byusing the access system 170 of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a system block diagram of the presently preferred accesssystem 170. The access system 170 integrates monitor, access, and testfunctions into one system consisting of three shelves of hardware. Afully configured access system 170 supporting 48 DS3s would be housed intwo equipment bays, each bay supporting 5 shelves; one AdministrationShelf 200, eight High Speed Interface Shelves 202, and one Test ResourceShelf 204. The access system 170 is designed for operation in a centraloffice environment.

The access system 170 is modular in design, supporting the network as itexpands and enabling easy integration of hardware and softwarecapabilities. Each hardware module contains a processor complex, whichwill be described hereinbelow, that provides data collection, control,and communication to the central administration processor 190. Design ofthe access system 170 was based on the philosophy that the addition of anetwork maintenance element should not degrade network reliability. Toachieve this goal, the access system 170 carefully monitors itscircuitry and software functionality. The access system 170 is protectedby redundancy to an extent that causes the system to substantiallyexceed industry goals for network reliability. In order to furtherenhance access system 170 reliability, each DS3 path is protected by abypass repeater providing a one-to-one redundancy, which isautomatically switched into service if the normal path through theaccess system 170 should fail to pass any of several stringent internaldiagnostic tests.

Administration Shelf

As shown in FIG. 5, the Administration Shelf 200 contains the centralcomputing elements and memory storage resources. This shelf alsoprovides resources for intershelf communication and communication withsupport and management centers or personnel. Internal communication isin multiple serial communication protocols "Electronic IndustriesAssociation (EIA) 232" and "EIA 423". External interface languageformats include TL1, PDS and MML. The Administration Shelf 200 is thesource of system generated office alarms including audible, visual, andtelemetry, as well as displays. The Administration Shelf 200 containsfour hardware modules as described below.

The Administration Processor module 190 is the central systemcontroller. It provides inter-shelf communication via the HDLC link 192and communication with external interfaces through the CommunicationProcessor module 194 described below. It uses serial interfaces forinternal system control: a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)interface 208 for control of peripherals such as the hard disk drive(not shown), and a VersaModule Eurocard (VME) data bus interface 210 tocommunicate with other VME standard modules. The SCSI interface 208connects the Administration Processor module 190 to a PeripheralSubsystem 212, and the VME interface connects module 190 to theCommunication Processor module 194 and a Office Alarm Interface Module214.

The Peripheral Subsystem 212 consists of a 1.44 megabyte floppy diskdrive, a 105 megabyte hard disk drive, a 60 megabyte optional tapedrive, and a Peripheral Module, none of which are shown on FIG. 5. Thesecomponents store surveillance data and record user activity.

The Communication Processor module 194 provides the communicationinterface 196 to external Operations System (OS) or test system controlcenters (not shown). Interfaces are via TL1 or PDS. The electricalprotocols are serial "EIA 232" or "EIA 423". Craft interface is MML witha user friendly overlay. Other communication 196' external to the systemis done with TL1 and PDS using serial interface electrical protocolsbased on Consultative Committee for International Telephony andTelegraphy (CCITT) standard X.25.

The Office Alarm Interface Module 214 generates audible 216a, visual216b, and telemetry 216c alarms for critical, major, and minor officealarms. It also receives and converts a DS1 based Building IntegratedTiming Source (BITS) clock (not shown), providing clock and frame forinternal synchronization. The BITS clock is a clock reference for anentire Central Office.

High Speed Interface Shelf

Each High Speed Interface Shelf 202 supports the capability to interfaceup to six bidirectional DS3 signal lines 134. Up to eight shelves can beprovisioned to support a total of 48 DS3s per system. Each DS3 path 134is supplied with one-for-one protection. Continuous performancemonitoring at the DS3 rate of DS3 and DS1 parameters, hitless access toDS1 and all embedded DS0 channels, and drop and insert of DS1 and DS0channels into a DS3 bit stream are provided. HCDS testing capability isprovided for the proprietary formatted DS1 data that is available.Formatted DS0 data can be transported via a PCM Highway 220 to the TestResource Shelf 204 for testing. The High Speed Interface Shelf 202contains four hardware modules as described below.

A set of DS3 Interface modules (two modules are shown in FIG. 5) 171 and171' interface the digital DS3 bit stream 134 and provide resources todemultiplex the DS3 into component DS1, DS0, and subrate channels. TheDS3 Interface modules 171 and 171' connect to a Shelf Monitor module 232and a DS3 Monitor module 224 via the PCM Highway 220. The DS3 Interfacemodules support DS3 regeneration circuity with drop and insertcapability at DS1, DS0 and subrate digital levels. Full framing andcontinuous performance monitoring information is collected and reportedat DS3 and DS1 levels. The module 171 contains DS3 protection andregeneration circuitry, providing one-for-one next-card protection forthe DS3 bit stream on the adjacent module 171'.

The Shelf Monitor module 232 interconnects the DS3 Interface modules 171and 171' the DS3 Monitor module 224 and the DS1 Access and Test module184 using the HDLC link 192. The Shelf Monitor module 232 serves as theintra-shelf communication interface via the HDLC link 192 to theAdministration Processor 190. The module 232 also connects to a ShelfMonitor module 232' on the Test Resource Shelf 204 via the PCM Highway220. The Shelf Monitor module 232 provides retiming, buffering, anddifferential to single ended conversions of data and control lines.

The DS3 Monitor module 224 connects to the DS3 Interface modules 171 and171' via Monitor bus 226 and 226', respectively. The DS3 Monitor module224 performs fault management on the DS3 Interface modules 171 and 171'by doing a bit for bit compare. Error conditions are reported using theHDLC link 192.

The DS1 Access/Test module 184 connects to the DS3 interface modules 171and 171' via a Pseudo DS2 (PDS2) Bus 230. The module 184 also connectsto the DS3 Monitor 224 via the PDS2 Bus 230 (link not shown). The DS1Access/Test module 184 provides HCDS testing to the embedded DS1s. Thismodule supports simultaneous HCDS testing of two DS1 channels. DS1channels can be routed to the Test Resource Shelf 204 for testing via aPseudo DS1 (PDS1) bus 234. There is one DS1 Access/Test module per HighSpeed Interface Shelf 202.

Test Resource Shelf

The Test Resource Shelf 204 supports test resource functionality forDS1, and a full range of DS0 and sub-DS0 testing. The TAD 188 and FAD188' ports also provide interfaces for testing DS1s and DS0s via a DS1access. The Test Resource-Shelf 204 contains four modules as describedbelow.

A DS1 Interface module 238 provides an access system network interfaceat the DS1 rate that can be configured either as a TAD or FAD port. As aTAD interface 188, the DS1 Interface module 238 demultiplexes anincoming DS1 channel and extracts selected DS0 circuits for testing.Configured as a FAD interface 188' this module 238 receives, transmits,and loops the intact DS1 facility. Performance monitoring and testaccess supervision are also provided for HCDS testing of DS1s input viathe FAD. The DS1 Interface module 238 connects to the DS1 Access andTest modules 184 and 184', the DS0 Access and Test module 186, and theShelf Monitor module 232'.

The DS1 Access/Test module 184' provides HCDS testing to the embeddedDS1s. This module supports simultaneous HCDS testing of two DS1channels.

The DS0 Access/Test module 186 incorporates digital signal processing(DSP) for DDS and VF testing of DS0 and subrate channels embedded in aDS3 or DS1 bit stream. Each module supports up to six simultaneoustests.

The Shelf Monitor module 232' serves as the intra-shelf communicationinterface. It provides retiming, buffering, and differential to singleended conversions of data and control lines.

DS3 Interface Module

FIG. 6 is the block diagram for the DS3 Interface Module 171, alsoreferred to as the DS3 Module, in the access system 170. Each DS3 Module171 provides a complete receive and transmit interface for a single DS3signal 134. The access system 170 provides the capacity for up to 96 DS3Modules providing service for 48 through DS3s. A one-for-one protectionscheme is implemented with each DS3 Module containing a redundant pathfor the adjacent DS3 Module of the DS3 Module pair 171 and 171'.

The DS3 Module provides drop and insert capability at all rates from DS3to DS0B. Specifically, up to 4 DS0B subrate channels or 24 full DS0channels can be inserted without any restrictions on which DS1s or DS2sthey come from. All insertion is hitless so that no other channels areaffected when the insertion is initiated, during insertion, or when itis terminated.

The DS3 Module also provides for the drop and insert of DS2 bits. Eitheran entire DS2 bit stream or any subset of the bit stream, includingindividual DS1 channels 132, can be overwritten. The capability alsoexists for overwriting the DS3 control bits. All insertion takes placeat the DS3 rate so that any bits that are not inserted upon simply passthrough the module unaffected.

In addition, the DS3 Module 171 continuously monitors the performance ofthe DS3 signal 134, all 7 embedded DS2s, and all 28 embedded DS1s 132. Avariety of frame formats are supported including C-Bit Parity at the DS3rate and Superframe (SF), Extended Superframe (ESF), T1 Data Multiplexer(T1DM), and SLC-96 at the DS1 rate.

The DS3 Module 171 can be broken down into the following subsystems: aDAI circuit 250, a TSI circuit 252, a FDL Handler 254, a DS1 Framer 256,a Protection subsystem 258, a DS2 Handler 260, and a CPU complex 262along with its extensions 264. Each of these subsystems is describedbelow. Refer to the block diagram in FIG. 6 for an overview of all theDS3 Module subsystems and interfaces.

The main DS3 input 134 and a protection DS3 input 268 enter the DS3module 170 at a DS3 Analog Interface block 270. Within the DS3 AnalogInterface block 270 are a main DS3 Linear Interface (LI) circuit 272 anda protection DS3 LI circuit 272'. The LI circuits 272 and 272' performanalog to digital (TTL standard logic level) conversion on input signals134 and 268, and digital to analog level conversion on output signals134' and 268'.

The DS3 Analog Interface block 270 connects to the Protection Control258, which further connects to the Protection Control on the adjacentmodule 171. The block 270 also has a bidirectional connection to the DAIcircuit 250 at the DS3 level.

The DAI circuit 250 connects bidirectionally to the DS1 Framer Subsystem256 at the DS1 level. An Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) clock source 274feeds the DAI circuit 250. The DAI circuit 250 also has a bidirectionalconnection to a block of DS2 Glue Logic 276 within the DS2 Handler 260.The DS2 Glue Logic 276 connects bidirectionally to a 7×7 CrosspointArray 278, also within the DS2 Handler 260, which further connects abuffer 280. The buffer 280 provides seven bidirectional DS2 links 282that leave the DS3 module 171.

The DS2 Glue Logic 276 also has a bidirectional connection to the TSIcircuit 252, which then further connects to a buffer 284 at abidirectional DS0 level. The buffer 284 then connects to thebidirectional PCM Highway 220. The TSI circuit 252 has a bidirectionalconnection to the FDL Handler 254, which then further bidirectionallyconnects to the Standard CPU Complex 262. The HDLC link 192 also has abidirectional connection to the Complex 262. The CPU Complex Extensions264 tie in with the Complex 262 to provide additional I/O capability.

The functionality of the DS3 Module subsystems will now be describedbelow.

DAI Circuit

The DAI circuit 250 performs continuous performance monitoring on theDS3 as well as all embedded DS2s and DS1s. In addition the DAI providesfor the drop and insert of any DS2 bit via a PDS2 interface to the DS2Handler 260. The DAI 250 also allows for the drop and insert of any DS3control bit. A second DS3 interface is provided along with aconfigurable bit for bit compare circuit, which will be discussedhereinbelow, that allows for the verification of proper DS3 signal flow.At the DS3 level, the DAI 250 supports both Asynchronous Muldem DS1/DS3(M13) and C-Bit Parity frame formats, which will be discussed below. Amore detailed description of the DAI 250 is provided below under themain heading "The DS3 Drop and Insert (DAI) Circuit".

Asynchronous TSI Circuit

The main functions of the asynchronous TSI circuit 252 are tomultiplex/demultiplex DS1 signals and to perform switching and routingof asynchronous DS0 signals. The TSI 252 supports the drop and insertfor up to 24 DS0 channels. Other functions of the TSI 252 include afrequency counter, DS0B subrate handler (4 DS0B channels), PDS2overwrite Control for DS0s, and a Facilities Data Link (FDL) handler forESF formatted DS1s. The TSI 252 also provides support for DDS secondarychannel by allowing for "bit 8" drop and insert on up to 24 DS0s. A moredetailed description of the TSI 252 is provided below under the mainheading "The Asynchronous Time Slot Interchange (TSI) Circuit".

Facilities Data Link (FDL) Subsystem

The DS3 Module 171 provides FDL support via dedicated circuitry on theTSI 252 operating in conjunction with an external microcontroller (seeFIG. 23). The FDL is a 4 Kbs data stream embedded in ESF formatted DS1signals.

The TSI 252 continuously extracts FDL bits from each of the 28 DS1s andstores them in an internal buffer. The buffer can hold up to seven FDLbits for each DS1. To prevent buffer overflow, the FDL microcontroller(uC) 254 must poll the TSI at a frequency such that a maximum of sevenFDL bits are stored between polling cycles. This can be accomplishedusing a nominal polling cycle of 1.7 ms since a worst case fast DS1 willproduce seven FDL bits in 1.7498 ms.

The FDL uC 254 is an industry standard 8052 running at 20 MHz. The 8052has 8K bytes of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, a clock oscillator, 3 timercounters, an interrupt controller, and a 1.66 Mbs serial port. To startthe data transfer from the TSI 252 to the FDL uC 254, the FDL uC assertsa FDLDIR signal and waits a minimum of 2 us. This causes the TSI 252 tomove the stored FDL bits from the online buffer to the output buffer. Toextract the data from the output buffer of the TSI 252, the FDL uC 254performs 28 consecutive byte read operations from the 8052 serial port.Each byte corresponds to a DS1 channel starting with #1 and ending with#28.

Since all FDL channels can be running at slightly different rates the 28FDL bytes may not have the same number of valid FDL bits. To determinethe number of valid FDL bits contained in each byte, the FDL uC startsat the least significant bit and looks for the first bit positioncontaining a zero. All remaining bits in the byte are valid. Forexample, if there are seven valid data bits then the least significantbit (lsb) will be zero and the remaining seven bits are interpreted asvalid FDL data bits. If the least significant bit is a one and the nextbit is a zero then there are six valid FDL bits.

The FDL uC 254 interprets each 4 Kbs FDL bit stream it receives from theTSI 252 for both scheduled and unscheduled performance messages. Forscheduled performance report messages, which occur every second, the FDLuC 254 extracts the sixteen bits (two bytes) of information associatedwith the current second (t0). The other thirteen bytes of the messageare discarded. For unscheduled messages, only a yellow alarm isrecognized, all other messages are discarded.

Every ten ms, the DS3 Module 68000 processor (available from Motorola),within the Standard CPU Complex 262, reads a sixteen bit word from theFDL uC 254. The sixteen bit words contain the extracted FDL messagesalong with header information to identify the DS1 channel, the messagetype (scheduled/unscheduled), and the 8052 internal buffer status. The68000 can also write eight bit values to the FDL uC 254 for futureapplications that require configuration data. The interface between the68000 and the 8052 is implemented with two 8-bit tri-state buffers andan 8-bit register.

The 68000 within the Standard CPU Complex 262 can reset the FDL uC 254under program control, and a watchdog low speed clock signal is sentfrom the uc to the 68000 to provide an indication of sanity.

DS1 Framing Subsystem

The DS3 Module 171 provides support for framing on all 28 DS1s in SF,ESF, T1DM, or SLC-96 formats. Framing at the DS1 level is performed byan external microcontroller, within the DS1 Framer Subsystem 256,operating in conjunction with the DAI. The Framer uC is the 8052 (sameas FDL uC 254) running at 16 MHz.

The DS1 Framing Subsystem 256 operates on one DS1 signal at a time. Theentire DS1 data stream (up to 72 frames) is loaded into a external 16K×1 RAM by the DAI 250. The Framer uC then examines the RAM to determinewhere the framing pattern is. The Framer uC then feeds an offset to theDAI to indicate where the framing pattern was found. The RAM addressgenerator of the DAI consists of a 14 bit counter which is implemented,along with some glue logic, in a small Erasable Programmable LogicDevice (EPLD), an Intel 5C60/Altera EP600.

DS2 Handler Subsystem

The DS2 Handler Subsystem 260 consists of the circuitry that processesthe DS2 level signals that flow between the DAI 250, the TSI 252 and thebackplane.

The interface between the DAI 250 and TSI 252 consists of groups ofpseudo DS2 (PDS2) signals. "Pseudo" refers to the fact that the signalsrun at the DS2 rate but the clock is gapped for non-DS1 data bits andall DS1 framing information is provided. The seven groups represent theseven DS2s that are embedded in the DS3. The DAI 250 feeds the invertedDS2 data stream directly to the TSI 252. The DAI 250 also sends out theDS2 clock along with a cycle "block" signal to indicate where the DS2overhead bits are located. External circuitry is provided to gate theclock with the block signal thus providing a gapped DS2 clock to the TSI252. The DAI 250 also provides signals used to locate DS1 data bits andframe bits in the DS2 data stream. A two bit value is fed from the DAI250 to the TSI 252 to indicate which DS1 the current bit on the DS2 dataline is associated with. A DS1 multi-frame signal is also provided tothe TSI to indicate when the first F-bit of a DS1 multi-frame iscurrently active on the DS2 data line.

The TSI 252 sends inverted data at the DS2 rate back to the DAI 250along with an overwrite signal that indicates to the DAI 250 which ofthe bits coming from the TSI 252 should be overwritten onto the outgoingDS3 data stream. The output data and overwrite signals of the TSI 252are processed by external circuitry so that they can be de-activatedduring DS2 overhead bits before being sent onto the DAI 250.

A crosspoint switch array 278 is provided as the interface between theDAI 250 and the DS2 links 282 on the backplane. In this manner any ofthe seven DS2 signals from the DAI 250 can be connected to any of theseven DS2 links 282 on the backplane. The five signals associated witheach of the seven DS2s require five 7×7 crosspoint arrays 278 to providethe switch function. All five crosspoint arrays 278 are configured withthe same crosspoints activated since the group of signals for thespecified DS2 are always routed together.

After passing through the crosspoint array 278, the DS2 data coming fromthe DAI 250 is fed through inverting buffers 280 and out onto thebackplane. Both the DS2 clock and frame signals coming from the DAI 250are sent through 7×7 crosspoint arrays 278 and fed through non-invertingbuffers 280' (not shown) and out to the backplane.

The DS2 data coming from the backplane is inverted and sent through a7×7 crosspoint array 278 before being "ORed" with the data coming fromthe TSI 252 and sent on to the DAI 250. The companion DS2 overwritesignal coming from the backplane is also sent through a 7×7 crosspointarray 278 before being "ORed" with the overwrite signal coming from theTSI 252 and sent on to the DAI 250.

The crosspoint arrays 278 are implemented with 8×8 analog switch devices(Mitel MT8809) that are designed to handle digital signals. Since theDS2 signals are arranged in groups of seven, only the 7×7 portion of thedevices is actually used.

DS3 Protection Subsystem

The access system 170 provides a one-for-one protection scheme. Eachmain DS3 path 134 has associated with it a protection path 268 on theadjacent DS3 Module. Failure conditions on the main path 134 cause theDS3 signal to be switched to the protection path 268. When the failurecondition is removed, the signal is switched back to the main path 134.

Several conditions can cause a switch to the protection path. Underhardware control by the Protection Control 258, if there is a power lossor if the output of the DS3 LI circuit 272 has no activity, then aswitch is made to the protection path 268. If the 68000 CPU complexwatchdog timer times out this will also force a switch to the protectionpath. In addition under software control the CPU can force a protectionswitch. The CPU also has the capability of forcing a protection switchoff of the main path on the adjacent board. Whenever any of theconditions that caused the protection switch to occur are removed thenthe DS3 signal is again routed through the main path 134.

There are several status signals available to the CPU to aid it indetermining when to invoke a software controlled protection switch.These signals include: loss of activity on main path, loss of activityon protection path for adjacent DS3, loss of signal on main path, lossof signal on protection path for adjacent DS3 signal and loss of signalon main path for adjacent board.

When a protection switch is invoked, the signals are timed so thatevents take place in the following sequence:

1. Close protection path relay

2. Delay 15 ms

3. Simultaneously enable protection path DS3 LI 272' and disable mainpath DS3 LI 272

4. Open main path relay

When the DS3 signal is switched back to the main path, events take placein the following sequence:

1. Close main path relay

2. Delay 15 ms

3. Simultaneously disable protection path LI 272' and enable main pathLI 272

4. Open protection path relay

Once a protection switch is invoked, the CPU must force the main path LI272 output to be enabled so that the activity detector can resumefunctioning and allow the return to the main path 134 if activity isagain detected. Once activity is again detected on the main path LIoutput, the CPU must relinquish control of the LI output enable (thiswill result in the LI output being disabled). In order that the activitydetector does not immediately flag a loss of activity and preventswitching back to the main path 134, there must be a minimum 30 ms delayin its loss of activity detect time. This allows enough time for themain path LI 272 to be enabled (15 ms after start of switch back to mainpath). So that a protection switch is not again immediately invoked, theactivity detector must have a maximum delay of 5 ms before declaring thepresence of activity. A more detailed description of the Protect Path isprovided below under the main heading "The Protect Path".

DS3 Path Delay Adjustment

The DS3 signal in the access system 170 goes through the DS3 LI 272 andthe DAI 250. In the protection switching scheme there are two parallelpaths taken by the DS3 signal: the main path 134 and the protection path268. A fault on one path results in the DS3 being routed through theother path.

To minimize downstream disruptions to the network, the access system 170provides hitless switching capability when switching between the two DS3paths. Normal manufacturing tolerances result in potential delaydifferences between the main and protection paths that would not allowfor hitless switching. To remedy this problem, the delay through all DS3paths is adjusted to an absolute reference before the modules are placedin service.

A delay adjustment circuit 1120, which is a portion of the preferred DS3LI 272 and 272' is shown in FIG. 29. The circuit 1120 contains an eightbit elastic store 1122 (a First In, First Out or FIFO structure) in thetransmit direction. Input DS3 data is clocked into the elastic store1122 using a recovered data clock 1124. The recovered data clock 1124 isextracted from the input DS3 data stream through a signal processingcircuit which produces current pulses leading to a 44.736 MHz LC tankcircuit in another portion of the DS3 LI circuit (not shown). A tankcircuit has inductance and capacitance, and is capable of storingelectrical energy over a band of frequencies continuously distributedabout a single frequency about which the circuit is said to be resonant,or tuned. Output DS3 data is clocked out using an output clock that isgenerated by a voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) 1126.

The frequency of the VCXO 1126 is automatically adjusted until itmatches the frequency of the incoming data, which has a variance of+/-20 ppm. The automatic frequency adjustment is implemented using aphase comparator 1128 that monitors the status of the elastic store 1122and a loop amplifier 1130. The status signals include: elastic storeless than half full, elastic store more than half full, elastic storereading from last bit and elastic store reading from first bit.

The phase comparator 1128, the loop amplifier 1130 and the VCXO 1126 areused together as a phase lock loop circuit. The phase comparator 1128output is a smoothed analog, delay error signal connected to the loopamplifier 1130. The loop amplifier output is a DC control signal whichprovides instantaneous frequency and phase information to the VCXO 1126.The phase comparator 1128 and loop amplifier 1130 adjust the frequencyof the VCXO 1126 such that the elastic store 1122 remains in the halffull position nominally. In addition, the phase of the VCXO clock 1126is manually adjusted until the delay through the entire DS3 path isexactly 980 +/-1 nanoseconds. The VCXO offset phase adjustment iscontrolled by a potentiometer 1132 that is manually adjusted at the timethe DS3 module 171 is manufactured to ensure that the input to outputDS3 delay is approximately equal to the nominal number of bits desiredin the elastic store. Hitless protection is assured by having all DS3modules 171 adjusted in this manner.

68000 CPU Complex

Referring now again to FIG. 6, the CPU complex on the DS3 Moduleconsists of the "Standard CPU Complex" 262 along with some additionalcircuitry 264 required by functions particular to the DS3 Module.

The "Standard CPU Complex" 262, which is included in entirety on the DS3Module, contains the following:

1. 68HC000 microprocessor with clock generator

2. 128K Bytes Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)

3. 256K Bytes flash memory

4. 256K Bytes Pseudo Static RAM with auto-refresh

5. 2K Bytes Electrically Erasable PROM (EEPROM)

6. Wait state generator/bus error generator

7. Interrupt controller

8. Power on reset circuit

9. Watchdog timer

10. HDLC Serial link controller

11. Multi-function I/O port:

4 counters

Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART)

8 bit I/O port

There are four Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) on the DS3 Module toindicate the following conditions:

1. Unit Fail (Red)

2. CPU in Service (Green)

3. DS3 Main Online (Green)

4. DS3 Protection Online (Amber)

CPU Complex Extensions

The DS3 Module requires additional I/O capability beyond that suppliedby the standard CPU complex. This additional capability is provided bythe CPU Complex Extensions 264. There are five I/O lines available inthe standard CPU complex 262; however, additional I/O is required forthe Framer microcontroller (1 status, 3 control), the FDLmicrocontroller 254 (4 status, 1 control), the DAI 250 (2 status), theDS3 LI protection circuit (13 status, 11 control), DS2 link tri-stateenables (7 control), and two additional LEDs. There are no additionalchip select requirements beyond that provided by the standard CPUcomplex 262.

In order to save pins, the DAI 250 requires a multiplexed address/databus. Circuitry is provided to multiplex the lower eight bits of the68000 address and data busses together before feeding them to the DAI250.

DS3 Module Interfaces

All interfaces between the DS3 Module 171 and the rest of the accesssystem 170 are routed over an 140 pin edge connector. The primaryinterfaces include: the DS3 interface 134, the PCM Highway interface220, seven DS2 interfaces 282, and the HDLC interface 192. There areseveral additional interfaces that are also described below.

DS3 Analog Interfaces

There are two paths for DS3 signals passing through the DS3 Module: themain path 134 and the protection path 268. Full performance monitoringand drop and insert capabilities exist for the main path DS3 134 whilethe protection path 268 basically functions as a repeater with delayinserted to match the main path.

There are three types of DS3 analog interfaces on the DS3 Module: linereceivers, line transmitters, and monitor outputs. The line receiverstake the input from the DS3 line 134 and convert it into a TTL leveldigital signal plus clock. The line transmitters take the TTL signalplus clock and convert it into an analog bipolar DS3 signal 134'. Themonitor outputs are similar to the transmitter outputs and are sent overthe backplane to the Monitor card.

PCM Highway Interface

The PCM Highway 220 provides the mechanism for routing of DS0sthroughout the access system 170. With 128 time slots, the PCM Highway220 supports transmission of up to 128 bi-directional asynchronous DS0channels. The PCM Highway 220 is arranged in a master/slave fashion,where masters, such as the DS3 Module 171, transmit onto four Tx lineseach supporting 32 times slots, and receive from four Rx lines eachsupporting 32 time slots.

The master also drives an additional transmit status line whichindicates whether or not the associated time slot contains valid data orstuff data in the current frame. Stuff data and bit stuffing will bedescribed hereinbelow. PCM Highway slave devices such as the DSP modulereceive from the Tx lines and transmit onto the Rx lines, whilemonitoring the transmit status line in order to extract DS0 timing.

Arbitration of the PCM Highway 220 is controlled by software via properallocation of time slots among the various master or slave devicesthroughout the system. A single clock and frame sync signal are fed toall devices on the PCM Highway 220 for synchronization.

In normal operation only one device is driving the PCM Highway 220during any given time slot. However, due to clock skew and differencesin driver and receiver buffer delays there can be bus contention forshort periods of time (.sup.˜ 50 ns) near the time slot transitions. Toresolve this contention issue, open collector drivers (such as74ALS1005/74ALS1035) are used for transmitting onto the PCM Highway 220.With open collector buffers, contention is not a problem since thebuffers sink current in the logic "0" state and are inactive in thelogic "1" state. In a case where two or more drivers are activesimultaneously, they all will be attempting to bring the line to thesame logic "0" level, with no backdriving taking place. Centralizedpull-up resistors on the PCM Highway 220 provide default logic "1"levels on inactive lines.

The DS3 Module 171 also outputs five transmit enable signals, one foreach of the four Tx lines and one for the transmit status line. Thesesignals indicate when that particular DS3 Module 171 is driving theassociated line on the PCM Highway 220.

FIG. 7 is an operational flowchart for the presently preferred accesssystem 170. A first portion of the system software is message driven,and so, at state 350, waits on a TL1 message at the communicationsprocessor 194 (FIG. 5). The message from the OS (not shown), sent acrossthe OS link 196, will contain a command function and an accessidentification (AID) that are validated at state 352. Proceeding tostate 352, the command function is checked for whether a test commandhas been requested and, if it is, a decision is made at state 356 as towhether the test is a DS1 or DS0 level test. If a DS1 level test hasbeen requested, the test information is forwarded to the administrationprocessor 190 which in turn communicates across the HDLC bus 192 to oneof the DS3 interfaces 171 and one of the DS1 test resources 184 toallocate routing and resources (states 358 and 360).

Now the access system 170 is ready to begin the DS1 test. Continuing tostates 362 and 364, the access system 170 sends an enable byte andsecurity byte to the DAI circuit 250 to demultiplex the requested DS1channel from the DS3 bit stream received from the input line 134. Therequested DS1 channel is forwarded across the pseudo-DS1 bus 234 to theallocated DS1 test resource (A/T module) 184 where the test is performedat state 366. Moving to state 368, the test results are sent across theHDLC bus 192 to the administration processor 190 where the test resultsare stored on a disk in the peripheral subsystem 212 and, at state 370,an output message, including the test results, is created by the accesssystem 170.

A final sequence of states is necessary to forward the test results backto the OS. The administration processor 190 communicates the unformattedoutput message to the communications processor 194 where the message isplaced in TL1 format (state 372). The message is then queued for output(state 374) and finally, at state 376, it is transmitted to the OSacross the OS link 196. The access system 170 then returns to state 376to wait on another command message.

Another branch of processing flow occurs if the decision at state 356 isthat the command function requests a DS0 level test. At states 377 and378, PCM Highway slots and DS0 multiplexer/demultiplexer circuits areallocated by commands sent from the administration processor 190 to theTSI circuit 252 on the DS3 interface 171. Moving to state 379, theadministration processor 190 allocates the DS0 subrate framer in the TSIcircuit 252 (state 380) if a DDS subrate test was requested. Then,states 381-386 are carried out similarly to states 362-370, except thatDS0 insert must be enabled in the TSI 252 at state 383 and the DS0 testresource 186 receives the DS0 channel across the PCM Highway 220. Fromstate 372, the results of the DS0 test are forwarded to the OS in thesame manner as the DS1 test results.

Returning in the discussion to decision state 354 of FIG. 7, if thecommand function is not a test command, the communications processor 194moves to state 387 to test whether the command requests a performancemonitoring (PM) data retrieval. PM data is maintained on a continuousbasis for the DS3 signal as well as all embedded DS2 and DS1 channels.If the command is not a PM command, then other commands are checked andprocessed accordingly (not shown). Assuming the command received fromthe OS is to retrieve PM statistics, a test is made at state 388 todetermine whether current or history statistics were requested.

A request for current PM statistics is handled by a request from theadministration processor 190 to the DS3 interface 171. The DS3 interface171 then retrieves current PM statistics from memory and forwards themback to the processor 190 (state 389) where an output message,containing current PM statistics, is constructed (state 390) andcommunicated back to the OS as before proceeding from state 372.

On the other hand, if history PM statistics were requested, then theadministration processor 190 retrieves the PM statistics from a diskthat is part of the peripherals subsystem 212 (state 391). An outputmessage, containing history PM statistics, is constructed at state 392and communicated back to the OS as before proceeding from state 372.

The software for the access system 170 also comprises a performancemonitoring (PM) process 393 which is periodically executed in the DS3interface 171 (FIG. 4). The process 393 begins at state 394 by readingperformance monitoring (PM) registers located inside of the DAI circuit250. PM statistics are accumulated and stored in on-board semiconductormemory at state 395. Moving to state 396, the statistics are tested forwhether any thresholds have been exceeded. If a threshold has beenexceeded, an alarm/event message is constructed at state 397, forwardedto the administration processor 190, and sent back to the OS, as before,proceeding from state 372. If no threshold is reached, or thealarm/event message has been sent, the PM process 393 terminates. Asindicated by state 398, once a PM interval expires, the PM process 393is restarted.

II. THE DS3 DROP AND INSERT (DAI) CIRCUIT

A. INTERFACES

FIG. 8 is an Input/Output diagram for the DAI circuit 250. A descriptionof each I/O pin group is given below.

DS3 Processor Interface

A DS3 Processor Interface 400 is provided to allow the DAI 250 to beconfigured and for the status that is generated by the DAI to bereported.

DS3 Transceiver Interface

A DS3 Transceiver Interface 402 is provided to allow the DAI 250 tointerface to the DS3 Line Interface device which recovers the DS3 clockand converts the DS3 signal 134 into two rail Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ)data in the receive direction and it converts the two rail NRZ data andclock from the DAI into a DS3 signal 134' in the transmit direction.

Pseudo DS2 Interface

A Pseudo DS2 Interface 404 is provided to allow the capability for anexternal device to overwrite any information bit in the DS3 signal 134.

DS1 Framer Interface

A DS1 Framer Interface 406 is provided to allow the capability for anexternal device to synchronize the internal DS1 state counters of theDAI 250 to the 28 internally generated component DS1 channels.

Alternate DAI Interface

An Alternate DAI Interface 408 (shown as part of a system interface 412in FIG. 8) is provided to allow the capability for the alternate DAI toinsert a Far End Block Error (FEBE) in the East to West DS3 signal inresponse to a parity error in the West to East DS3 signal.

Control Bit Interface

A Control Bit Interface 410 (shown as part of the system interface 412)is provided to allow the capability for an external device to overwriteany control bit in the DS3 signal 134.

System Interface

The System Interface 412 is provided for miscellaneous signals such asclocks, resets, enables, power, ground and alarms.

B. FUNCTIONALITY

The top level block diagram of the DAI circuit 250 is shown in FIG. 9. Asecondary DS3 input from the DS3 Analog Interface 270 (FIG. 6) goes to abipolar with three-zero substitution (B3ZS) Decoder 420, through a fixeddelay 422 and exits after encoding by a B3ZS Encoder 423. A primary DS3input from the DS3 Analog interface 270 goes to a B3ZS Decoder 424 andthrough a fixed delay 426 which has a different value than the delay422. Connected to the delay 426 is a multiplexer 428 which is furtherconnected to a B3ZS Encoder 429, whereupon the signal leaves the DAIcircuit 250.

A signal line from the output of the B3ZS Decode 424 connects to a DS3Performance Monitor 430 and to a DS3 to DS2 demultiplexer 432. TheDS3:DS2 demultiplexer 432 has seven output lines of which only the first433 and last (seventh) 433' are shown in FIG. 9. The first output line433 connects to a DS2 Performance Monitor 434 and to a DS2 to DS1demultiplexer 436. The last output line 433' connects to a DS2Performance Monitor 434' and to a DS2 to DS1 demultiplexer 436'. The DAIcircuit 250 has seven DS2 Performance Monitors, like the Monitor 434,and seven DS2:DS1 demultiplexers, like the demultiplexer 436. TheDS2:DS1 demultiplexer 436 has four output signals; each output signal isconnected to a DS1 Performance Monitor 438a-d. The DS2:DS1 demultiplexer436' has four output signals; each output signal is connected to a DS1Performance Monitor 438e-h. Connected to the four output signals of eachof the seven DS2:DS1 demultiplexers 436 is a DS1 Performance Monitor438, for a total of 28 DS1 Performance Monitors in the DAI circuit 250.

The DAI circuit 250 provides performance monitoring of a singledirection of a DS3 signal and its constituent channels. Frame Formatssupported include M13 Asynchronous, C-Bit Parity, SF, ESF, T1DM, andSLC-96.

The M13 Asynchronous format, also known as the DS3 frame format, and theDS3 C-Bit Parity format will be described below in association withFIGS. 12-14

The DAI circuit 250 provides for the drop and insertion of any of the4704 information bits in the DS3 signal via the DS2 Interface 404 (FIG.8), and any of the 56 control bits in the DS3 signal via the Control BitInterface 412 (FIG. 8).

The DAI circuit 250 provides a second digital DS3 interface along with aconfigurable bit for bit compare circuit (FIG. 10a, 470) that allows forthe verification of the operation of other DAI circuits that areconfigured identically or for the cycle alignment of two DS3 signals toassure a hitless switch.

The detailed level functional block diagram of the DAI circuit isseparated into six different subgroups of circuitry as illustrated inFIG. 10a:

1. DS3 Data Path 450

2. M23 Demux 452 (FIG. 10b)

3. M12 Demux 454 (FIG. 10c)

4. DS1 Monitor 456 (FIG. 10d)

5. Recombiner 458 (FIG. 10e)

6. Processor Interface 460 (FIG. 10f)

1. DS3 Data Path

The DS3 Data Path section 450 of the DAI circuit 250 contains two groupsof circuitry, one for the primary path 462 and one for the secondarypath 464. The primary path 462 is the path that has the ability tooverwrite DS3 data and control bits, while the secondary path 464 has nooverwrite capability. There are four main functions that are performedin the DS3 Data Path section:

B3ZS encoding/decoding

Bit for bit compare

DS3 data delay

Overwrite of DS3 data and control bits.

a. B3ZS Encode/Decode

The zero code suppression used at the DS3 level is the bipolar withthree-zero substitution (B3ZS) format, well known in telephone networktechnology. In the B3ZS format, each block of three consecutive zeros isremoved and replaced by B0V or 00V, where B represents a pulseconforming with the bipolar rule, 0 is a zero (no pulse) and Vrepresents a pulse violating the bipolar rule. The choice of B0V or 00Vis made so that the number of B pulses between consecutive V pulses isodd.

The B3ZS decoders 420 and 424 take the incoming positive rail data andthe negative rail data and converts the information into a single NRZchannel. The B3ZS encoders 423 and 429 take the single NRZ channel andconverts the information into two NRZ channels, positive rail andnegative rail.

b. Bit for Bit Compare

A Bit for Bit Compare circuit 470 connects to the output of the delay422 and to the input of the delay 426. The Bit for Bit Compare circuit470 provides the capability to verify the functionality of the DAI 250while in service, and to verify the alignment of the primary path 462and secondary, or redundant, path 464 prior to making a "hitless"switch. The Bit for Bit Compare circuit 470 will be further discussed inconjunction with FIG. 28.

c. DS3 Data Delay

The DS3 Data Delay circuitry 422 and 426 provides sufficient processingtime fort he M23 demultiplexer 452 and M12 demultiplexer 454 tocalculate the pointers to the data in the DS3 stream that are used bythe recombiner 458 in overwriting individual bits.

d. 7:1 Multiplexer Block

The 7:1 Multiplexer circuitry 428 provides the ability for therecombiner 458 to overwrite the DS3 data in the primary path 462 withdata from any of the six sources. The select line for this multiplexeris generated by the recombiner.

2. M23 Demultiplexer

Referring now to FIG. 10b, the DS3 primary data path 462 is the maininput to the DS3 to DS2 demultiplexer 452. The DS3 Performance Monitor430 output, within the DS3 to DS2 demultiplexer 452, connects to therecombiner 458 (FIG. 10e), while each of the outputs of the DS2 datagenerator 432, also referred to as the DS3:DS2 demultiplexer in FIG. 9and 10, connects to one of the seven M12 demultiplexers 454 (FIG. 10c).Other outputs of the demultiplexer 452 connect to the DAI I/O pins asshown in FIG. 10a.

The DS3 to DS2 demultiplexer 452 demultiplexes the DS3 signal into itsseven constituent DS2 channels along with their associated gappedclocks. Refer to FIGS. 12 and 13 for the M13 Asynchronous frame formatand FIG. 14 for the C-Bit Parity frame format.

The four main functions of the DS3 to DS2 demultiplexer section include:

DS3 Framing

DS2 Clock Generation

DS2 Data Generation

DS3 Performance Monitoring

a. DS3 Framing

A DS3 Framer 474 synchronizes a DS3 State Counter 472 to the incomingDS3 signal. The DS3 State Counter 472 provides a pointer that indicateswhich bit of the DS3 M-frame the incoming DS3 data bit is associatedwith. The DS3 Framer 474 and DS3 State Counter 472 will be discussedfurther in reference to FIG. 15a and 15b.

b. DS2 Clock Generation

A DS2 clock generator 476 uses the timing information from the DS3 StateCounter 472 to generate seven 6.312 MHz gapped clocks. The clock pulseassociated with a particular data bit is deleted or gapped by severalconditions dependant upon the clocks destination.

c. DS2 Data Generation

The DS2 data generator 432 uses the timing information from the DS3State Counter 472 to generate seven 6.312 MHz serial data streams. TheDS2 data channels are synchronous with the associated DS2 gapped clock.No bit inversion is required when demultiplexing from DS3 to DS2.

d. DS3 Performance Monitoring

The DAI circuit 250 monitors the performance of both the standard M13asynchronous signal format as specified in Bellcore TR-TSY-000009 andthe DS3 C-Bit Parity signal format as specified in AT&T PUB 54014.

DS3 performance monitoring parameters that are continuously monitored bythe monitor 430 are as follows:

Bipolar Violation Count

Loss Of Signal Status

Loss of Line A Clock Status

Loss of Line B Clock Status

F Bit Error Count

Out-of-Frame Status

Change of Frame Alignment Status

Line Parity Error Count

C-bit Parity Error Count

Far End Block Errors (FEBE) Count

Incoming C-Bit Parity Frame Format Status

Incoming All Ones Status

Incoming Yellow Alarm Status

Incoming Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) Detection Status

Incoming Stuck Stuffing Detection Status

Incoming Idle Signal Status

3. M12 Demultiplexer

There are seven DS2 to DS1 demultiplexers on the DAI circuit 250, oneper constituent DS2 channel. Each DS2 to DS1 demultiplexer is alike, andperforms the same functions. The first DS2 to DS1 demultiplexer 454 andthe last (seventh) DS2 to DS1 demultiplexer 454' are shown in FIG. 10a.As described above, each DS2 to DS1 demultiplexer is driven by an outputof the DS2 data generator 432 (FIG. 10b). Referring now to FIG. 10c,outputs of the DS2 to DS1 demultiplexer 454 are driven by the DS1 datagenerator 436, also referred to as the DS2:DS1 demultiplexer in FIG. 9and 10, and a DS1 clock generator 482. Each DS1 data generator 436 isconnected to four DS1 Monitors 456 (FIG. 10d), and also provides fouroutputs that connect to a multiplexer 484 (FIG. 10a). Each DS1 clockgenerator 482 provides four outputs that connect to a multiplexer 486(FIG. 10a) and also connect to a multiplexer 488. Each of themultiplexers 484, 486 and 488 has twenty eight inputs from the seven DS2to DS1 demultiplexers. p The DS2 to DS1 demultiplexer 454 demultiplexesthe DS2 channel into its four constituent DS1 channels along with theirassociated gapped clocks.

The four main functions of the DS2 to DS1 demultiplexer section include:

DS2 Framing

DS1 Clock Generation

DS1 Data Generation

DS2 Performance Monitoring

a. DS2 Framing

A DS2 Framer 480 synchronizes a DS2 State Counter 478 to the incomingDS2 channel. Frame synchronization is obtained by finding a bit positionin which the 010101 . . . framing pattern is observed across nineconsecutive F bits. The DS2 frame format is specified in BellcoreTR-TSY-000009. There are four subframes per DS2 frame and each subframecontains six blocks or groups of 49 bits. The first bit of each group isa control bit or overhead bit. The control bits associated with groups 3and 6 are F bits. A serial approach which searches one bit position at atime has a maximum average reframe time (MART) of approximately 6.85msec for the DS2 framing pattern. Maximum Average Reframe Time is theaverage time to reframe when the maximum number of bit positions must beexamined for the framing pattern. This time must be arrived atstatistically, and in the calculation it shall be assumed that thenon-frame bits are ones and zeros with equal probability. Therequirement for the DS2 rate is a MART of less than 7.0 msec, andconsequently the serial search algorithm is used. The algorithm employedhas a MART of approximately 6.85 msec.

The algorithm initially assumes that the current state of the StateCounter 478 is correct and tries to find the framing pattern in the bitposition currently identified by the State Counter as being the F bitlocation. If a single bit is found that does not correlate with theframing pattern, then the state of the State Counter is retarded by onecycle. By retarding the state counter one cycle at a time and checkingthe validity of the bits observed, the DS2 Framer 480 will eventuallysynchronize to the sub-frame.

The next step in the framing process is to acquire multi-framealignment. A shift register (not shown) is used to store the values ofall of the four first column (group 1) control bits. These control bitsare the M1, M2, M3, and the M4 bits. However, at this point in theframing process it is not known which bit in the shift registercorresponds to which control bit. The shift register is searched for the011 pattern of the M bits. If multiple 011 patterns are found or a 011pattern does not exist, the framing process begins again. If a single011 pattern is found, the State Counter is advanced or retarded thecorrect number of subframes to obtain M-frame alignment.

b. DS1 Clock Generation

The DS1 clock generator 482 uses the timing information from the DS2State Counter 478 to generate four 1,544 MHz gapped clocks. The clockpulse associated with a particular data bit is deleted or gapped byseveral conditions dependant upon the clocks destination.

c. DS1 Data Generation

The DS1 data generator 436 uses the timing information from the DS2State Counter 478 to generate four 1,544 MHz serial data streams. TheDS1 data channels are synchronous with the associated DS1 gapped clock.The first and third DS1 channels are inverted, while no inversion isrequired on channels 2 and 4.

d. DS2 Performance Monitoring

The DAI circuit 250 monitors the performance of the standard DS2 channelformat as specified in Bellcore TR-TSY000009. DS2 performance monitoringparameters that are continuously monitored by the monitor 434 are asfollows:

Loss of Signal Status

F Bit Error Count

Out-of-Frame Status

Change of Frame Alignment Status

Incoming Yellow Alarm Status

Incoming Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) Status

4. DS1 Monitor

Each DS1 Monitor 456 (FIG. 10a) is connected to one of the four outputsof the DS1 data generator 436 (FIG. 10c). Since there are a total ofseven DS1 data generators in the DAI 250, there are a total of twentyeight DS1 Monitors, but only the first Monitor 456 and the last (28th)Monitor 456' are shown in FIG. 10a. Referring to FIG. 10d, the followingDS1 Monitor functions are described:

a. DS1 State Counter

A DS1 State Counter 520 drives a portion of the interface 404 asdescribed in reference to FIG. 8. The DS1 State Counter 520 issynchronized through the use of the external DS1 Framer Subsystem 256(FIG. 6).

b. DS1 Performance Monitoring

The DAI circuit 250 monitors the performance of DS1 channels in theSuperframe format as specified in Bellcore TR-TSY-000009 andT1C1.2/87-001R3, the Extended Superframe format as specified in BellcoreTR-TSY-000194 and T1C1.2/87-001R3, the T1DM format as specified inBellcore TA-TSY-000278 and the SLC-96 format as specified in BellcoreTR-TSY-000008. DS1 performance monitoring parameters that arecontinuously monitored by the monitor 438 are as follows:

Loss of Signal Status

F Bit Error Count

Out-of-Frame Status

Change of Frame Alignment Status

Frame Format Status

Incoming Yellow Alarm Status

Incoming Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) Status

Cyclic Redundancy Check Error Count

5. Recombiner

Referring now to FIG. 10e, the recombiner 458 provides for the insertionof data into the DS3 data stream or any constituent DS2 or DS1 channelwith no blocking. Several interfaces are provided to allow for a varietyof methods of overwriting data. Every type of data that can be insertedinto the DS3 data stream is individually enabled via softwareconfiguration. Inputs to the recombiner 458 are from the DAI input pinsof the pseudo DS2 interface 404 (FIG. 8) and from the M23 demultiplexer452. A pseudo DS2 insert circuit 490, a control bit insert circuit 492,a line parity insert circuit 494, a C-bit parity insert circuit 496, aFar End Block Error circuit 498 and a Alarm Indication Signal insertcircuit 500 all provide an output which connects to an input of the 7:1Multiplexer 428 (FIG. 10a).

a. Pseudo DS2 Insert

The pseudo DS2 insertion circuit 490 provides the capability tooverwrite any given DS3 information bit on an individual bit by bitbasis. Applications for the use of this capability include the hitlessoverwrite of individual DS1 channels, DS0 channels, subrate channels, orsecondary channels. The PDS2 Insert block 490 is further discussed inconjunction with FIG. 11.

b. Control Bit Insert

The control bit insertion circuit 492 provides the capability tooverwrite any of the DS3 control bits.

c. Line Parity Insert

The line parity insertion circuit 494 provides the capability to correctthe line parity or to pass the received parity through.

d. C-bit Parity Insert

The C-bit parity insertion circuit 496 provides the capability to modifythe C-bit parity in the event of an overwrite taking place or to passthe received parity through.

e. Far End Block Error Insert

The Far End Block Error (FEBE) Insert circuit 498 provides thecapability of inserting a FEBE in one direction of the DS3 if in thealternate direction a parity error was detected.

f. Alarm Indication Signal Insert

The Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) insert circuit 500 provides thecapability to insert AIS in response to certain trouble conditionsdetected by the DS3 performance monitoring circuitry.

6. Processor Interface

Referring now to FIG. 10f, the DS3 Processor Interface circuitry 460allows for the configuration of the DAI and for the reporting of statusinformation generated by the DAI. The interface is a general purposedesign and can be used with a variety of different processor families.Two separate modes exist for the processor interface:

ASYNCMD In the asynchronous mode, a peripheral generates a data transferacknowledge signal.

SECMD In the secure mode, the processor must write to the addressassociated with the next write enable register prior to every write.This feature allows for the filtering of invalid write attempts.

a. Configuration

The DAI has the capability of being configured via the DS3 processorinterface. Configuration data is written to a set of specificconfiguration registers 510, 512 and 514. The capability exists to readthe data back to verify that the correct data was written.

Resetting the DAI 250 forces the configuration of the chip into thedefault mode with all of the overwrite capabilities disabled.

b. Status

The status internally generated by the DAI 250 is read by the DS3processor via a DS3 processor interface 516. When the DS3 processor 262(FIG. 6) is reading status information generated by the DAI 250 thatrequires multiple words to transfer (such as certain counts), the leastsignificant word must be read first and then immediately thereafter themost significant word must be read.

c. DS1 Framing processor Interface

A DS1 framing processor interface 518 connects to the DS1 framingprocessor circuitry 256 (FIG. 6) to provide the capability tosynchronize the 28 internal DS1 state counters, such as state counter520, to the respective DS1 channels. The DS1 framing processor 256operates autonomously by cycling through the 28 DS1 channels, andsynchronizing the ones that are identified by the DAI 250 as being OOF.The DS3 Processor 262 configures the DAI 250 by downloading the frameformat of all constituent DS1 channels via the processor interface 460.The DAI 250 continuously monitors the framing status of all DSlchannels. Upon detection of an OOF condition on a particular DS1channel, a corresponding status bit is set.

FIG. 11 illustrates how the pseudo DS2 insert circuit 490 (FIG. 10e)connects to the other circuits of the DAI circuit 250. Themicroprocessor in the CPU complex 262 (FIG. 6) interconnects to themicroprocessor interface 516 of DAI 250 to enable the configurationregisters 510, 512 and 514 to be written. The outputs of theconfiguration registers 510, 512 and 514 connect to a compare circuit530. From the subcircuits 452,454 and 456 (FIG. 10a), the State Counters472 (FIG. 10b), 478 (FIG. 10c) and 520 (FIG. 10d), respectively, drive adecode circuit 532. The output of the decode 532 provides the secondinput to the compare circuit 530. An output of the compare circuitconnects to the 7:1 multiplexer 428 (FIG. 10a) as a select line input.Two of the data inputs to the multiplexer 428 are the DS3 data from theoutput of the delay 426 (FIG. 10a), and the PDS2 data from the PDS2interface 404 (FIG. 8). The output of the multiplexer 428 is theoverwritten DS3 data, if any input other than that from the delaycircuit 426 is selected.

The pseudo DS2 insertion circuitry 490 provides the capability tooverwrite any given DS3 information bit on an individual bit by bitbasis. Applications for the use of this capability include the hitlessoverwrite of individual DS1 channels, DS0 channels, subrate channels, orsecondary channels.

The recombiner 458 takes advantage of the fact that the timing of thedemultiplexed channels is identical to that of the multiplexed channels.This timing relationship eliminates the need to provide a complete DS1to DS2 and DS2 to DS3 multiplexer. Each constituent DS2 and DS1 channelof the DS3 has a state counter that is synchronized with thedemultiplexed data. These state counters 478 and 520 are used aspointers to indicate which DS2 and which DS1 channel a given bit in theDS3 data stream is associated with. The microprocessor in the CPUComplex 262 enables the DAI circuit 250 to overwrite a given DS1 channelfor example. The values of the state counters are decoded by the decodeblock 532 every DS3 cycle to determine which DS1 channel the bit isassociated with. When the decode of the state counters matches the valueenabled via the microprocessor interface 516 by use of the compare block530, the select line of the multiplexer 428 becomes active which enablesthe data from the PDS2 Interface to overwrite the particular DS3 databit.

The DAI circuit 250 provides as outputs the seven DS2 data channels withtheir respective gapped clocks. In addition a three bit wide data bus isprovided with each DS2 to indicate the location of the DS1 framing bitsand which DS1 channel any given bit in the DS2 data stream is associatedwith. Given this information external circuitry can determine exactlywhich bits are to be overwritten for a given application. By providingseven pseudo DS2 data inputs along with seven overwrite signals asinputs to the DAI circuit 250 , any information bit in the DS3 datastream can be overwritten. The overwrite signals are used to indicatewhich bits in the pseudo DS2 inputs are to be inserted into the DS3 datastream.

Control Bit Insert

The control bit insertion circuitry 492 (FIG. 10e) provides thecapability to overwrite any of the DS3 control bits. Seventeen DS3cycles after a control bit has been clocked out of the DAI circuit 250via the control bit drop circuitry, the same control bit in the DS3 datastream is overwritten via an externally provided control bit. Thisoverwrite of the DS3 control bits is enabled via software configuration.

Line parity Insert

The line parity insertion circuitry 494 (FIG. 10e) provides thecapability to correct the line parity or to pass the received paritythrough. Three modes exist for line parity insertion:

Mode A Line parity is passed through the DAI circuit 250 regardless ofwhether or not the parity is correct, and regardless of whether or notan insert is taking place.

Mode B If the Line parity of the incoming signal is in error, then theline parity of the outgoing signal is in error even if an insert istaking place.

Mode C The Line parity of the outgoing signal is correct even if theincoming parity is in error, and even if an insert is taking place.

Each mode is activated via a two bit configuration word.

C-bit Parity Insert

The C-bit parity insertion circuitry 496 (FIG. 10e) provides thecapability to modify the C-bit parity in the event of an overwritetaking place or to pass the received parity through. Two modes exist forpath parity insertion.

Mode A C-bit Parity is passed through the DAI circuit 250 regardless ofwhether or not the parity is correct, and regardless of whether or notan insert is taking place.

Mode B If an insert is taking place and the incoming C-bit parity is inerror, then the outgoing C-bit parity is in error. If an insert istaking place and the incoming C-bit parity is correct, then the outgoingC-bit parity is correct.

The mode is selected via a configuration bit.

Far End Block Error Insert

The Far End Block Error (FEBE) Insert circuitry 498 (FIG. 10e) providesthe capability of inserting a FEBE in one direction of the DS3 if in thealternate direction a parity error was detected. A parity error isdefined as either an F bit error, an M bit error or a Line parity error.Refer to Bellcore T1X1.4/89-017 for more details. A FEBE is generated bysetting the three C-bits in the fourth subframe of the C-bit ParityM-frame structure to all zeros.

Due to the asynchronous relationship of the DS3 signals there could beup to a whole M-frame of latency between the time a parity error wasdetected and the time a FEBE is inserted in the opposite direction.

Alarm Indication Signal Insert

The Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) insert circuitry 500 (FIG. 10e)provides the capability to insert AIS in response to certain troubleconditions detected by the DS3 performance monitoring circuitry.

Declaration of a LOS or an OOF has the capability of optionallygenerating a DS3 Stuck Stuffing Alarm Indication Signal (AIS). The DS3AIS shall be activated after a delay of approximately 24 to 25 M-frameswhich is approximately 2.55 msec to 2.66 msec. The requirement is 1.5 to2 times the maximum average reframe time. Maximum average reframe timeis the average time to reframe when the maximum number of bit positionsmust be examined for the framing pattern. This time is arrived atstatistically, and in the calculation it shall be assumed that the"non-frame" bits are ones and zeros with equal probability. The requiredupper limit for the maximum average reframe time for DS3 is 1.5 msec.

After a LOS or an OOF, a DS3 good signal is declared when valid framingand line parity are found, and the average ones density is at least 33%.A ones density of less than 33% is measured by counting the number ofBPVs in between occurrences of DS3 control bits. If the number of BPVsexceeds 8, then the ones density is determined to be less than 33%. DS3good signal detection time does not exceed 1.5 times the maximum averagereframe time. After a DS3 good signal has been identified, AIS isdeactivated without delay.

Note that during a LOS condition, a valid DS3 clock is supplied to theDAI 250 in order to assure proper functionality. The DS3 AIS clock rateis generated externally and supplied to the DAI as an input with a clockfrequency of 44.736 Mbit/s +/-20 ppm.

FIG. 12 illustrates the format of a DS3 frame, also known as a DS3M-frame or M13 frame, consisting of 7 subframes. Each subframe has eightgroups or blocks 550, wherein each block has a first OverHead-(OH) bit552 followed by 84 DS2 information bits, such as a bit 554 to representa time slot devoted to DS2 input 1.

FIG. 13 is similar to FIG. 12 but illustrates a set of specific overheadbits for each subframe and each block, of the subframe, of theasynchronous DS3 frame format. For example, the OverHead bit of blockone 550 of the first subframe is an X-bit 552'.

FIG. 14 is similar to FIG. 12 but illustrates a set of specific overheadbits for each subframe and each block, of the subframe, of the C-bitParity DS3 frame format. For example, the OverHead bit of block three ofthe fourth subframe is a FEBE 554.

FIG. 15a is a block diagram of the DS3 Framer 474 and the DS3 StateCounter 472, both of which are a part of the M23 Demultiplexer 452 shownin FIG. 10b. The DS3 data 462 connects to a Pyramid shift register 594and to a M-bit shift register 596 in the DS3 Framer 474. The output ofthe Pyramid shift register 594 connects to a compare circuit 598. TheEqual output of the compare 598 connects to a counter 600 which connectsto a Slip by M×170 Cycles block 602 driving a Group counter 604 in theDS3. State Counter 472. The output of the M-bit shift register 596connects to a compare circuit 608. The Equal output of the compare 608connects to a counter 610 which connects to a Slip by M Subframes block612 to drive a Subframe counter 614 in the DS3 State Counter 472. TheNotEqual output of the compare 598 and the compare 608 both interconnecta Bit counter 606 in the DS3 State Counter 472.

The DS3 Framer 474 synchronizes the DS3 State Counter 472 to theincoming DS3 signal 462. The DS3 State Counter 472 provides the pointerthat indicates which bit of the DS3 M-frame the incoming DS3 data bit isassociated with. The synchronization process performed by the DS3 Framer474 aligns the State Counter 472 with the DS3 M-frame structure of thedata stream. Refer to FIG. 13 for the Asynchronous DS3 frame format andFIG. 14 for the C-bit Parity DS3 frame format. There are seven subframesper DS3 frame and each subframe contains eight blocks or groups of 85bits. The first bit of each group is a control bit or overhead bit. Thecontrol bits associated with groups 2 and 8 are F1 bits, and thoseassociated with groups 4 and 6 are F0 bits. Since F1-bits are equal to 1and F0 bits are equal to 0, the framing pattern 1001 . . . can be foundby observing every 170th bit position. Synchronization to this bitpattern constitutes subframe alignment, which is the first step in totalsynchronization to the DS3 stream.

The standard approach to subframe synchronization is a serial approach.The serial approach to framing observes one bit position until thatposition is determined to be valid or invalid. Upon determination thatthe bit position is invalid, the state counter is held constant for oneclock cycle which effectively retards the state counter by one cycle orbit position. The new bit position which is adjacent to the previousposition is observed for the framing pattern until it is determined tobe valid or invalid. This cycle continues until the bit position isfound to be valid. This serial approach which searches one bit positionat a time has a maximum average reframe time (MART) of approximately 1.9msec for the DS3 framing pattern. Maximum Average Reframe Time is theaverage time to reframe when the maximum number of bit positions areexamined for the framing pattern. This time is arrived at statistically,and in the calculation it is assumed that the non-frame bits are onesand zeros with equal probability. The requirement for the DS3 rate is aMART of less than 1.5 msec, and consequently, the serial approachimplemented does not meet the required MART.

The enhanced approach to subframe synchronization that is implemented inthe preferred embodiment is a serial look-ahead approach. Instead ofobserving a single bit position every 170 bits, N adjacent bits arestored for future use if needed, while the current position is evaluatedas before. By storing the value of the adjacent bit positions prior tothe time that they are needed, the Framer 474 is essentially lookingahead which reduces the MART. After every 170 bits, a decision is madeas to the validity of the current bit position. In the serial approach,when the current bit position is found to be invalid, another decisioncan't be made for at least 3×170 bits (since 00, 01, 10, and 11 are allvalid patterns in the framing pattern 1001 . . . ); however, in theserial look-ahead approach, another decision can possibly be made in 170bits since two previous values of the new bit position were previouslystored. Increasing the number of adjacent bits, N, that are stored forfuture use decreases the MART but increases the gate count of theframing circuitry. N is selected in order to optimize the circuit foreither speed or size. A value of N=3 was implemented in the preferredembodiment and is used for the following illustration. This valueprovides a MART that meets the specification of 1.5 msec.

A pyramid 580 shown in FIG. 15b illustrates a form of shift registerthat shifts up or down based upon different criteria, and is themechanism used to store values of the current bit position as well asbit positions adjacent to the current framing position. Each square inthe pyramid represents a storage element. At any given time the Pyramidshift register 594, corresponding to the pyramid 580, contains the valueof three consecutive framing bits associated with the current alignmentof the State Counter 472 to the DS3 data stream. When the State Counter472 reaches a new framing bit position, i.e., 170 cycles since the lastframing bit position, P1 584 is shifted into P2 586, P0 582 is shiftedinto P1 584 and the new framing bit is shifted into P0 582. The previousframing bit position -1 which is Q0 588 is shifted into Q1 590 and thecurrent framing bit position -1 is shifted into Q0 588. The currentframing bit position -2 is shifted into R0 592. At this time P0 582 iscompared to P2 586. If they are different, the current position couldstill be a valid framing bit position (since the framing pattern is10011001 . . . ). After another 170 cycles, the above procedure isrepeated until seven consecutive comparisons of P0 582 to P2 586 werefound to be different, at which time the state of the State Counter 472is advanced or retarded some multiple of 170 in order to align the StateCounter to the groups. At this time subframe synchronization is declaredand the first step to total synchronization is complete.

If however, the comparison indicates that the P0 and P2 bits are of thesame value, the current bit position is declared as an invalid framingposition and the adjacent bit position is selected as the new framingposition. The State Counter 472 relationship to the DS3 data stream ismodified by retarding the State Counter by one cycle. Q0 used to containthe value of the current framing bit position -1, but due to theadjustment made to the State Counter 472, Q0 actually contains the valueof the current framing bit position. Q0 is shifted into P0, Q1 isshifted into P1, and R0 is shifted into Q0. When the State Counter 472reaches a new framing bit position, i.e. 170 cycles since the lastframing bit position, P1 is shifted into P2, P0 is shifted into P1 andthe new framing bit is shifted into P0. The previous framing bitposition -1 which is Q0 is shifted into Q1 and the current framing bitposition -1 is shifted into Q0. The current framing bit position -2 isshifted into R0. At this time P0 is compared to P2. If they aredifferent, the current position could still be a valid framing bitposition. After another 170 cycles the above procedure is repeated untilseven consecutive comparisons of P0 to P2 were found to be different, atwhich time the state of the State Counter 472 is advanced or retardedsome multiple of 170 in order to align the State Counter to the groups.At this time subframe synchronization is declared and the first step tototal synchronization is complete.

The second step of the synchronization process is to find multiframealignment. The control bits associated with group 1 of subframe 5 and 7are M0 bits, and the control bit associated with group 1 of subframe 6is an M1 bit. Since the M1 bit is equal to 1 and the M0 bits are equalto 0, the framing pattern 010 can be found by observing the firstcontrol bits of each subframe. Synchronization to this bit patternconstitutes multiframe alignment, which is the second and last step intotal synchronization to the DS3 stream. Multiframe alignment isperformed by shifting the control bit associated with group 1 of eachsubframe into a M-bit shift register 596. Since there are sevensubframes, the shift register 596 is seven bits long. If the multiframeframing pattern 010 associated with the M bits is found to be valid intwo consecutive multiframes, the state of the State Counter 472 isadvanced or retarded some multiple of 680 in order to align the StateCounter to the subframes. At this time the State Counter 472 is declaredas being in frame and the last step to total synchronization iscomplete. If an F bit error is detected or the M bit alignment patternis found to be invalid during the multiframe alignment process, theFramer 474 retards the state of the State Counter 472 and the subframesynchronization process starts over again.

III. THE ASYNCHRONOUS TIME SLOT INTERCHANGE (TSI) CIRCUIT

FIG. 16 illustrates a functional block diagram of an asynchronous DS0switch 1000 for switching DS0 channels embedded in DS3 signals fedacross lines 134, into DS0 test resources 186, and out across lines134'. In its maximum configuration the presently preferred access system170 has access to as many as 64,512 DS0's via its 96 DS3 interfacemodules 171 (96×672=64,512). In addition, there are up to 24 DS0 testresources 186 in the access system 170 that are used for testing theaccessed DS0 channels. In order to allow for access to the shared testresources 186, the switching function 1000 is required. The switcharchitecture must be capable of establishing bi-directional connectionsbetween any of the 64,512 accessed DS0 channels and any of the 24 DS0test resources

Conventional switch architectures, such as the Time Slot Interchangeimplemented by AT&T, require that all accessed DS0 channels besynchronous to a common reference (e.g. Stratum 1 clock). If any of theDS0 channels are not synchronous to the reference, then slips, i.e., abit is lost, can occur and the DS0 signal is distorted resulting in, forinstance, an audible click or a lost data packet. Hence, a functionalasynchronous switch 1000 is included in the access system 170 toaccommodate asynchronous DS0 channels without introducing distortion.

Referring now to FIG. 17, the core of the asynchronous switchingfunction 1000 is located in the asynchronous Time Slot Interchange (TSI)circuit 252. The TSI 252 can access all 672 DS0 channels within a givenDS3 signal and provides switching capability for up to 24 of the 672 DS0channels with no restrictions on which DS1 or DS2 channel embeds a DS0channel. All TSIs 252 in the access system 170 are connected together,along with a digital signal processor (DSP) 1001 in each DS0 testresource 186, over what is referred to as the PCM Highway or PCM bus220. The TSI 252 provides the switching function and the PCM Highway 220provides the routing facility for handling up to 128 DS0 channels withinthe access system 170.

The PCM Highway 220 provides the mechanism for routing DS0 channelsthroughout the access system 170. The PCM Highway 220 has an intra-shelfportion 1002 and an intershelf portion 1004. They are connected togetherthrough a set of buffers 1006 on the shelf monitor module 232, 232'.With 128 time slots the PCM Highway 220 supports transmission of up to128 bi-directional asynchronous DS0 channels. The PCM Highway 220 isarranged in a master/slave fashion, where masters, such as the TSI 252,transmit onto four transmit lines (not shown) each supporting 32 timesslots, and receive from four receive lines (not shown) each supporting32 time slots.

FIG. 18 is a timing/bit position diagram illustrating the relationshipamong the time slots of the PCM Highway 220. The PCM frame sync signal(PFRM) 1008 aligns the 128 slots to a single frame. FIG. 18 also showsthe 32 transmit time Slots for each of four signals TXA 1010, TXB 1012,TXC 1014 and TXD 1016, a TXSTAT signal 1018, and the 32 receive timeslots for each of four signals RXA 1020, RXB 1022, RXC 1024 and RXD1026. Each time slot represents the 8 bits of a DS0 which aretransmitted serially. To handle asynchronous DS0 channels, the PCMHighway 220 runs at a rate (preferably 11.16 kHz) which is higher thanthe rate of any incoming DS0 channel (approximately 8 kHz). Since thePCM Highway 220 is running at a rate higher than the data that is beingtransported, a "stuffing" method has been implemented to allow for caseswhere there is no valid data to transmit even though the selected timeslot is available on the bus 220. The stuffing technique is accomplishedby using a transmit status line (indicated by the TXSTAT signal 1018)that is used to indicate whether or not the associated time slotcontains valid data or stuff data in the current frame.

Arbitration of the PCM Highway 220 is controlled by software via properallocation of time slots among the various master or slavedevices-throughout the access system 170. A single clock and frame syncsignal are fed to all devices to synchronize the PCM Highway 220.

The TSI 252 drives the transmit status line (TXSTAT signal 1018) basedon an internal scanning method that is described below. PCM Highwayslave devices, such as the DSP 1001 in the DS0 test resource 186 (FIG.17), receive from the lines that the TSI 252 transmits onto, andtransmit onto the lines that the TSI 252 receives from. In addition, theDSP 1001 in the DS0 test resource 186 monitors the transmit statussignal 1018 in order to extract DS0 timing.

The details of a specific time slot, including the shared PCM clocksignal (PCLK), showing how the DS0 bits are mapped along with thetransmit status signal 1018 are shown in FIG. 19. Note that the TXSTATsignal 1018 provides bit valid and frame codes in a time slot N-1 1030prior to the time slot N 1032 containing the marked data bits. To stuffa byte such as the byte in time slot N 1032, the VA bit 1036 of TXSTAT1018 in time slot N-1 1030 is set to "1" to indicate that the byte isnot valid.

The interfaces to the TSI 252 are shown in the I/O diagram of FIG. 20.The TSI 252 provides the DS0 switching function in the presentlypreferred access system 170, interfacing to 672 DS0 channels on the DS3side and 128 time slots on the PCM Highway 220 so as to provide a timeslot interchange function between the DS3 signal and the PCM Highway220. The TSI contains additional functions beyond DS0 switchingincluding relative frequency counter, DS0 subrate handler, CRCgeneration, Facilities Data Link (FDL) handler, support for secondarychannel, and support for DS1 superframe alignment.

Microprocessor Interface

A microprocessor interface 1027 is used for passing control and statusinformation between the TSI 252 and the microprocessor in the CPUcomplex 256 (FIG. 6). The microprocessor interface 1027 includes an 8bit address bus, an 8 bit bi-directional data bus, a chip select, aread/write control signal, and an address latch enable signal. The TSI252 asserts a data transfer acknowledge signal to notify themicroprocessor that the read/write cycle can be completed. In addition,there are two mode control pins to allow for "secure" write operationsand to allow for interfacing to a wide variety of standardmicroprocessors.

PCM Highway Interface

A PCM Highway interface 1029 is used to connect the TSI 252 to the PCMHighway 220 (FIG. 17). There are four lines for received data and fourlines for transmit data; each pair of Tx/Rx signals connects to one ofthe four 32 time slot PCM Highway lines 220. The transmit status lineindicates when valid data is being output. Each transmit line has anassociated transmit enable signal that indicates when the PCM Highway220 is being driven. In addition, clock and frame sync signals are sentto the TSI 252 to synchronize all TSIs 252 and DS0 test resources 186(FIG. 17) on the PCM Highway 220.

DAI Circuit Interface

A Pseudo DS2 (PDS2) Bus interface 1031 is used to interface the TSI 252to the DAI 250 (FIG. 6). The DAI 250 sends seven DS2 data streams to theTSI 252 along with the associated clocks and DS1 sync status to allowfor identification of bits at the DS1 level. The TSI 252 passes DS2 dataalong with overwrite control back to the DAI 250. The overwrite controlis used by the DAI 250 to determine which bits in the DS3 should beoverwritten.

FDL Microcontroller Interface

A Facilities Data Link (FDL) interface 1033 is used to connect the TSI252 to an external microcontroller 256 (FIG. 6) for processing the FDLdata. The microcontroller 256 drives the strobe and clock lines, whilethe TSI 252 shifts out FDL data bits from each of 28 ESF formattedDS1's.

System Interface

A System interface 1035 includes miscellaneous TSI 252 signals includinga reference clock for DS1 frequency counter measurements, a reset signalfor TSI initialization, and a clock for overall TSI operation.

Test Interface

A Test interface 1037 provides controllability and observability forfault coverage. In addition, a control signal is available that can beused to disable all TSI outputs to facilitate board level testing.

Power

A Power interface 1039 includes pins that are used for power and ground.

FIG. 21a is a block diagram of the asynchronous TSI circuit 252. In thetransmit direction the TSI 252 receives DS0 data from the DAI circuit250 over the Pseudo-DS2 (PDS2) interface, at an input demux 1040, andsends DS0 data out onto the PCM Highway 220 (FIG. 17), at a PCM Highwaytransmitter 1045. In the transmit direction, the overall function of theTSI 252 is to load the incoming DS0 data into the transmit sample buffer1044 whenever it arrives, extract the DS0 data out of the transmitsample buffer 1044, and place it onto the PCM Highway 220 at apreviously assigned time slot.

DS2 data from the DAI 250 (FIG. 6) enters into the TSI 252 through theinput demux 1040. FIG. 22 is a timing diagram showing details of theTSI/DAI PDS2 interface. In FIG. 21a, the input demux extracts the 28 DS1data streams from the seven DS2 data and clock lines, which are part ofinterface 1031 (FIG. 20). Two DS1NUM signals (interface 1031, FIG. 20)form a two bit binary number that specifies which of the four DS1'scurrently has active data on the DS2 line. The TSI 252 uses thesesignals to demultiplex the active DS2 into individual DS1 lines andfeeds each of the incoming DS1 signals (28) serially into a DS1 inputshift register 1041.

Once the 8 bits of a DS0 channel byte have been shifted in for a givenDS1, the DS0 byte is loaded into a DS0 holding register 1042. There are28 holding registers 1042, one for each DS1 channel. The holdingregisters 1042 are 10 bits wide: 8 bits for the DS0 byte, 1 bit for themulti-frame sync status associated with the "parent" DS1 channel, and 1bit that is used as a valid data flag to indicate that a new DS0 bytehas come in and has not yet been processed.

The TSI 252 has 24 internal "channel slots" available for processing DS0channels. The channel slots provide the intermediary mechanism forestablishing a connection between an incoming DS0 channel and a timeslot on the PCM Highway 220. The external microprocessor (uP) interface1060 is shown in FIG. 21a, controls how the 24 channel slots areallocated. The uP sets up a switched connection by making twoassignments to a given channel slot. The first assignment ties a channelslot to a PCM Highway time slot; the second assignment ties a channelslot to a specific DS0 channel within a specific DS1 channel of a DS3signal.

The PCM Highway time slot assignment is made by a uP "write" to the timeslot assignment dual port memory (128×8) 1059. The DS0 assignment ismade by two uP writes to the DS0 select content addressable memory (CAM)1049; one write for the DS1 number (1-28) and one write for the DS0number (1-24). Once the proper assignments have been made to the DS0select CAM1049 and the time slot assignment memory 1059, no further uPaction is required; the DS0 channels are continually processed and theconnection is maintained until the configuration is changed by the uP.

After the DS0 bytes are loaded into the holding registers 1042, they arescanned to determine whether they should be transferred to the transmitsample buffer 1044. The TSI 252 contains a 5 bit DS1 scan counter 1048that is used to scan each of the 28 holding registers 1042 in sequence.Associated with each of the holding registers 1042 is a DS0 channelcounter 1047 that stores the DS0 number of the DS0 channel that iscurrently in the holding register 1042. If there is a match between theDS1 scan counter 1048/DS0 scan counter 1047 and the contents of the DS0select CAM 1049, one of the CAM's 24 DS0 channel slot "match" signalsactivates. The match signal is encoded into a 5 bit transmit samplebuffer address at the address encoder 1050. While the match is active,the DS0 byte is transferred from the holding register 1042 into thetransmit sample buffer 1044. If the DS0 byte in the addressed holdingregister 1042 had already been processed, the valid data flag, providedthrough the multiplexer 1043, would indicate "null" data and thetransfer from the holding register 1042 to the transmit sample buffer1044 does not take place.

On the PCM Highway side, the time slot counter 1058 keeps track of whichtime slot is currently active-on the PCM Highway 220. The contents ofthe time slot counter 1058 are used as an address into the time slotassignment (TSA) memory 1059 which contains a location for each of the128 time slots. If a channel slot has been assigned to a time slot, theTSA memory 1059 will output the channel slot number when that time slotcomes up. The channel slot number is then used as an address into thePCM Highway side of the transmit sample buffer 1044 for retrieval of theselected DS0 byte. If the associated valid data flag in the transmitsample buffer 1044 indicates valid data, the DS0 byte is serially sentout onto the PCM Highway 220 through the PCM Highway transmitterregisters 1045. The valid data flag itself is also sent out onto the PCMHighway 220 via a transmit status line (interface 1029, FIG. 20).

Still referring to FIG. 21a, the DS0 data flow in the receive directionis driven by the timing derived in the transmit direction. This is dueto the in-line drop and insert architecture of the access system 170. Aspecific TSI 252 handles transmit and receive data both of which areassociated with the same DS3 signal. This architecture dictates that thereceive side timing be identical to the transmit side timing since theinsert takes place into the same DS3 signal that the drop was derivedfrom. It is not possible to insert a DS0 byte with different timingsince there is no way to modify the associated DS1 timing when only theDS0 bits are being inserted into the DS3 with all other DS3 bits passingthrough transparently.

In the receive direction, the TSI 252 receives DS0 data from the PCMHighway 220 (FIG. 17) and sends DS0 data out to the DAI 250 (FIG. 6)over the PDS2 interface. The overall function of the TSI 252 in thereceive direction is to load the incoming DS0 byte into the receivesample buffer 1062 during its assigned time slot, extract the DS0 bytefrom the receive sample buffer 1062, and send it to the DAI 250 at thesame time that the associated transmit DS0 byte is being loaded into theTSI 252. In addition, the TSI 252 generates an overwrite signal(interface 1031, FIG. 20) if so configured by the externalmicroprocessor (not shown). The overwrite signal is used to signal theDAI 250 that the associated data bit on the PDS2 line should beoverwritten into the DS3 signal.

Data flow on the receive side starts with a serial-to-parallelconversion of the data coming from the PCM Highway and going into thePCM Highway receiver registers 1061. The data is taken off the PCMHighway at the same time that data is placed onto the PCM Highway on thetransmit side. From the PCM Highway receiver registers the data isloaded into the receive sample buffer 1062 at the location specified bythe TSA memory 1059 when addressed by the time slot counter 1058.

The DS0 data then gets loaded into the receive side DS0 holdingregisters 1063. From the holding registers 1063 the DS0 bytes are fedinto the DS1 output shift registers 1064 where they are passed throughthe output multiplexer 1067 and sent on to the DAI 250 over a set ofPDS2 receive data lines (interface 1031, FIG. 20).

The TSI 252 also includes three additional subcircuits: a TSI FDLhandler 1068 (FIG. 21b), a frequency counter 1069 (FIG. 21c), and asubrate handler 1056 (FIG. 21d). The TSI FDL handler 1068 obtains itsinput from the output of the TSI demultiplexer 1040 and a clock signalfrom the external FDL microcontroller 254. Data is output tomicrocontroller 254 and to TSI shift register 1041. The frequencycounter subcircuit 1069 obtains its input from the output of the TSIdemultiplexer 1040 and from the TSI system interface 1035 referenceclock. The subrate handler 1056 obtains its input from TSI DS0 holdingregister 1042 and the DS0 channel match signal. The output of subratehandler 1056 drives one of the inputs to AND gate 1057.

DS1 Facilities Data Link (FDL) Handler

FIG. 23 is a block diagram of the Facilities Data Link (FDL) interfacebetween-the FDL handler subcircuit 1068 of asynchronous Time SlotInterchange (TSI) circuit 252 and the FDL microcontroller (uC) 254 inthe presently preferred access system 170. The three I/O pins of the TSIinterface 1033 (FIG. 20) that interconnect to the microcontroller 254are FDLDIR, FDLCLK and FDLDAT. The FDL is a 4 Kbit/s data link that isembedded in Extended Super Frame (ESF) formatted DS1 signals. In theaccess system 170, the DS3 Interface Module 171 (FIG. 5) providesperformance monitoring of the DS3 signal as well as all embedded DS2 andDS1 signals. A portion of the performance monitoring of ESF formattedDS1 channels involves interpreting messages that are being sent into theaccess system 170 on the FDL. On a given DS3 Interface module 171 therecan be as many as 28 DS1 channels passing through; each one of which cancontain an independent 4 Kbit/sec FDL channel.

Conventional techniques for handling FDL-like data links (e.g. HDLC)involve the use of off-the-shelf integrated circuits (ICs) that providean interface between a microprocessor and one or two data links (e.g.,USART chips, DLC chips, and the like). In the presently preferred accesssystem 170, this technique is not practical since the required number ofICs would not fit on a single board and the cost would be prohibitive.

The present invention includes a novel approach to handling multipleasynchronous data links in the access system 170 so as to accommodate 284 Kbit/sec data links on a single DS3 Interface Module 171 withoutintroducing excessive cost. The approach involves a sampling/packingsubcircuit (the FDL handler 1068) in the TSI 252 that operates inconjunction with the external microcontroller (uC) 254 to provide a highlevel message interface to the board microprocessor (uP) in the CPUcomplex 262 (FIG. 6).

Referring now to FIGS. 21c and 24, the FDL handler subcircuit 1068 ofTSI 252 continuously extracts FDL bits from each of the 28 DS1 channelsand stores them in an internal buffer referred to as the Input ShiftRegister (ISR) 1070. The ISR 1070 can hold up to 7 FDL bits for each DS1channel. As each new bit is shifted in, an FDL Bit Counter 1071 isincremented. When the external uC 254 asserts the TRANSFER signal(derived from FDLDIR, FIG. 23), the FDL Flag Logic 1072 samples the FDLBit Counter 1071 and passes the valid FDL data bits from the Input ShiftRegister 1070 to an Output Shift Register 1073 (only 1 of 28 shown). TheFlag Logic 1072 then determines the state of the unused bits in theOutput Shift Register 1073 as described below.

Since all FDL channels can be running at slightly different rates the 28FDL bytes may not have the same number of valid FDL bits. The size ofthe Output Shift Register 1073 is 8 bits, however, the number of validFDL data bits is 7 or fewer. Based on the FDL Bit Counter 1071, the FlagLogic determines the number of valid FDL bits in the output shiftregister 1073 and sets the next bit to a "0" and if there are anyremaining unused bits they are all set to "1".

The external FDL uC 254 (FIG. 23) can then determine the number of validFDL bits contained in each byte by starting at the least significant bit(LSB-Bit 0) and looking for the first bit position Containing a zero.All remaining bits in the byte are valid. For example, if there are 7valid data bits, the LSB (Bit 0) will be zero and the remaining 7 bitsare interpreted as valid FDL data bits. If the least significant bit isa one, and the next bit (Bit 1) is a zero, then there are 6 valid FDLbits. The order of arrival of the FDL data bits is from leastsignificant bit to most significant bit. This implies that the mostsignificant bit (Bit 7) is the most recent bit to have been loaded intothe TSI 252.

The 28 Output Shift Registers 1073 are connected together inside the FDLhandler subcircuit 1068 of TSI 252 to form a shift register 224 bitslong (28×8). This allows the FDL data for all 28 DS1 channels to beextracted from the TSI 252 over a serial interface. FIG. 25 shows theformat of the FDL data as it is shifted out of the TSI 252 and into theexternal uC 254 (FIG. 23).

To avoid buffer overflow, the FDL uC 254 must poll the TSI 252 at afrequency such that a maximum of 7 FDL bits are stored between pollingcycles. This can be accomplished using a nominal polling cycle of 1.7 mssince a worst case fast DS1 will produce 7 FDL bits in 1.7498 ms.

IV. THE PROTECT PATH

FIG. 26 illustrates a normal DS3 signal path and a protect DS3 signalpath in the access system 170. The DS3 channel has two primaryrequirements for protection. The first involves the failure of theaccess system 170 of the path and the second involves a craftspersonrequested switch. In the first case, the DS3 path must be moved from thefailed unit to a secondary protection path. Since the equipment hasfailed, it is assumed that a major hit on the DS3 channel will occur.

The second requirement involves a protection switch due to acraftsperson request. This switch request could be required to correctsome non-service affecting fault (such as an LED has burned out) on theDS3 interface module. Under this circumstance, a major hit of the DS3channel is not allowed. It is assumed that a few bit errors, but no lossof synchronization, will occur on the down stream equipment.

Both of these scenarios deal with protection of the DS3 signal that passthrough the access system 170. The DS3 signal input 134 is wired to boththe normal and protection path modules 171a,171b. When the DS3 signal istransmitted from the DS3 module 171, relays 178, 178' are used in boththe normal and protection output paths to guarantee that only one DS3module 171a,b drives the line 134' at any given time. Special turnon/off sequencing is required to meet the hitless requirements. Giventhese requirements, the protection scheme-for the access system 170 isdiscussed hereinbelow.

The protection of a DS3 path is accomplished using a next cardprotection approach. As FIG. 26 shows, the DS3 Interface modules 171a,bare tightly coupled into functional pairs. Each module 171 has a normalpath 1080a, 1080b for a DS3 channel. In addition, the modules 171 have asecond path 1082a, 1082b available that is used to protect its companionmodule. In other words, the "1A" module 171a has a normal path 1080a forDS3 channel 1A and a protection path 1082a for DS3 channel 1B. In thesame way, the "1B" module 17lb has a normal path 1080b for DS3 channel1B and a protection path 1082b for DS3 channel 1A. The same couplingoccurs for each of the other five pairs of DS3 modules 171 in a shelf.Thus, an alternate path is available for all DS3 channels. Thedifference in the two paths 1080, 1082 fall into two categories: channelstatistics and overwrite capability.

The normal path 1080 gathers full statistical information about the DS3channel. A full range of DS3, DS2, and DS1 statistics are taken. Inaddition, entire DS1 and DS0 channels can be extracted from the incomingDS3 channel and replaced in the outgoing channel.

On the other hand, the protect path 1082 is basically a channelrepeater. The DS3 signal is received, delays are matched with the normalpath 1080, and the signal is retransmitted. Only a very minimum ofstatistics, such as loss of signal (LOS), are detected and reported onthe protection path 1082. No insertion of any kind is done. The primarypurpose of the protection path 1082 is to protect the DS3 channel in theevent of a failure in the module of the normal path.

Referring now to FIG. 27, another DS3 interface module 171c is used as amonitor of the other modules 171a,b on the DS3 shelf 202 (FIG. 5).Signals are routed from the monitor ports of the DS3 LI circuits 272a,272a', 272b, 272b' into the DS3 LI circuits 272c, 272c' on the monitormodule 171c. The monitor outputs of the LI circuits 272 are tied to oneof two wires that interface to the DS3 monitor module 171c. The DS3 RCVMON line 1084 from the LI circuits 272a, 272b on the normal path 1080a,b(FIG. 26) is used as the input to the normal path of the DS3 monitormodule. Two comparisons are performed as follows using module 171a as anexample:

1. The input signal on the line 134a against the normal data path outputon the line 134a';

2. The input signal on the line 134a against the protection path outputon the line 1082b (FIG. 26).

The sequence of events, using the DS3 "1A" module 171a as an exampleshows how the comparisons take place. Note that the setup and control ofthis test will be accomplished by the shelf monitor module 232.

Sequence for Comparing the Normal Path Output to the Monitor Path

1. The shelf monitor module 232 first passes the DS0/DS1 insertionparameters of the DS3 Interface Module 171a to the DS3 Monitor module171c.

2. The shelf monitor module 232 then commands the DS3 interface module#1A 171a to turn on its output driver for the DS3 RCV MON OUT signal ona line 1084, from the normal path LI 272a. This puts an amplified imageof the DS3 1A input signal out on the line 1084. This line is wired tothe normal path LI 272c on the DS3 monitor module 171c. The shelfmonitor 232 also commands all other modules, e.g., 171b, to disabletheir drivers to the line 1084.

3. Next, the shelf monitor 232 commands DS3 interface module #1A 171a toturn on its output driver for the DS3 XMT MON OUT signal on a line 1086,from the normal path LI 272a. This puts an image of the DS3 1A outputsignal out on the line 1086. The line 1086 is wired to the protectionpath LI 272c' on the. DS3 monitor module 171c. The shelf monitor 232also commands all other modules, e.g., 171b, to disable their drivers tothe line 1086.

4. Finally, the shelf monitor 232 commands DS3 interface module #1A 171ato turn on its output driver for the FEBE MON OUT signal on a line 1088.As seen from FIG. 27, this signal originates from a DAI circuit 250a tothe FEBE input of a DAI 250c on the DS3 monitor module 171c. The shelfmonitor 232 also commands all other modules, e.g., 171b, to disabletheir drivers to the line 1088.

5. Now that the physical link has been established to the monitormodule, the test can begin. The signal coming into the normal path LI272c on the DS3 monitor module 171c is effectively the same input 134athat is seen by the #1A module 171a. All performance data is gathered bythe DAI 250c and compared to that found on the #1A module 171a. Thiscomparison is performed by the shelf monitor 232. If a major differenceis found (i.e. frame loss, etc.), then a failure may have been detected.

6. The DS3 monitor module 171c must first be validated to guaranteeprior function by doing the same test on another module, e.g., 171b. Ifno problem is found with the DS3 monitor module 171c, then the shelfmonitor 232 must decide whether a fault has been found and then commandthe #1A module 171a or #1B module 171b to perform a protection switch ofthe #1A module normal DS3 path 1080a (FIG. 26).

7. During DS3 processing, a Far End Bit Error (FEBE) signal is generatedby the DAI 250c. This FEBE signal must be compared to the one receivedon the line 1088 from the #1A module 171a. If a mismatch occurs then thesame procedures shown in step 6 are followed to determine if a switch isnecessary.

8. The next step is to perform the same insertion of DS0/DS1 data thatoccurs on the #1A module 171a. Once this has been accomplished, the datasignal in the DAI 250c on the normal path 1080 is the same as what iscoming in on the protection path 1082.

9. Remember that the protection path 1082 of the DS3 monitor module 171chas an image of the output of the #1A module 171a on it. When the signalarrives in the DAI 250c, it has been delayed by a known number of clockcycles. An adjustment is made in the normal path 1080 of the DAI 250c onthis module to match these cycles. With variations from DAI to DAI,addition clock cycles may be needed. The DAI 250c has up to 3 bits ofvariance allowed.

10. Once the delay variance has been compensated, a bit for bitcomparison of the two signals (#1A output from line 1086 and DS3 monitoroutput) is done in the DAI 250c.

11. Assuming that the module #1A 171a is not in alarm, no performancefailure was detected by the DS3 monitor module 171c, and the comparisonfails, then one of two things is possible. Either module #1A 171a hasfailed or the DS3 monitor module 171c has failed. To determine if it isthe monitor module 171c, the same test is run against another DS3interface module, e.g., 171b.

12. If no failure is found in the DS3 monitor module 171c, then afailure has been detected and the shelf monitor 232 issues a command tomodule #1A 171a or #1B 171b to perform a protection switch of the #1ADS3 path 134a. In addition, the #1A DS3 module 171a turns on its unitfailure lamp.

Sequence for Comparing the Protection Path Output to the Monitor Path

1. The shelf monitor 232 commands the DS3 interface module #1A 171a toturn on its output drive of the DS3 RCV MON OUT signal on the line 1084,from the normal path LI 272a. As described previously, this puts anamplified image of the DS3 1A input signal out on the line 1084. Theline 1084 is wired to the normal path LI 272c on the DS3 monitor module171c. The shelf monitor 232 also commands all other modules, e.g., 171b,to disable their drivers to the line 1084.

2. Next, the shelf monitor 232 commands the DS3 interface module #1B171b to turn on its output drive of the DS3 XMT MON OUT signal 1086,from the protection path LI 272b'. This puts an image of the DS3 1Aprotection output signal out on the line 1086. The line 1086 is wired tothe protection path LI 272c' on the DS3 monitor module 171c. The shelfmonitor 232 also commands all other modules, e.g., 171a, to disabletheir drivers to this line 1086.

3. Now that the physical link is established to the monitor module 171c,the test can begin. As in the previous test, the signal coming into thenormal path LI 272c on the DS3 monitor module 171c is effectively thesame input 134a that is seen by the #1A module 171a. All performancedata is gathered by the DAI 250c and compared to that found on the #1Amodule 171a. This comparison is done by the shelf monitor 232. If amajor difference is found (i.e. frame loss, etc), then a failure mayhave been detected.

4. The DS3 monitor module 171c must first be validated to guaranteeproper function by doing the same test on another module, e.g., 171b. Ifno problem is found with the DS3 monitor module 171c, then the shelfmonitor 232 decides whether a fault has been found and then commands the#1B module 171b to perform a protection switch of the #1A DS3 normalpath 1080a (FIG. 26).

5. Since the protection path 1082b (FIG. 26) does not allow anyinsertion of DS0/DS1 data, no insertion is needed for this test.Remember also that the protection path 1082 of the DS3 monitor module171c has an image of the output of the #1B DS3 protection path 1082b onit. This signal is a regenerated #1A DS3 signal. When the signal arrivesin the DAI 250c, it has been delayed by a known number of clock cycles.The same cycle adjustment described earlier is done again.

6. Once the delay variance has been compensated, a bit for bitcomparison of the two signals (#1B protection output from line 1086 andDS3 monitor output) is done in the DAI 250c.

7. Assuming that #1B protection path is not in alarm, no performancefailure was detected by the DS3 monitor module 171c, and the comparisonfails, then one of two things is possible. Either module #1B 171b hasfailed or the DS3 monitor module 171c has failed. To determine if it isthe monitor module 171c, the same test is run against another DS3interface module, e.g., 171a.

8. If no failure is found in the DS3 monitor module 171c, then a failurehas been detected in the protection path on the #1B DS3 module 171b andthe shelf monitor 232 issues a command to module #1A 171ato perform aprotection switch of the #1B DS3 normal path 1080b. This is required inorder to isolate the #1B module 171b for removal. In addition, the #1BDS3 module 171b turns on its unit failure lamp.

FIG. 28 is the block diagram of the Bit for Bit Compare circuit 470shown in the DAI block diagram (FIG. 10a) and discussed above in step 10of the Normal Path output test and step 6 of the Protection Path outputtest. A normal data input. (input A) connects to a delay 1100 whichfurther connects to a seven bit shift register 1102. The output of theshift register 1102 connects to a compare block 1104. A protect datainput (input B) connects to a four bit shift register 1106 which thenconnects to the compare block 1104. The compare block 1104 thenappropriately generates a compare signal which is the output of thecircuit 470.

The Bit for Bit Compare circuit 470 provides the capability to verifythe functionality of the DAI 250 while in service and to verify thealignment of the normal and protect paths prior to making a "hitless"switch.

In order to verify the functionality of the DAI 250 (FIG. 26), twoidentically configured DAIs are required with identical inputs on thenormal input (input A). The normal output of a first DAI 250a (afterinsertion) is fed into the protect input (input B) of a second DAI 250b.This input is internally compared to the normal output. The circuit candetect a comparison even if there is up to 3 cycles of latency betweenthe two streams.

To check the functionality and relative alignment between the normalpath of one DAI 250a and the protect path of the second DAI 250b, athird DAI 250c is required as shown in FIG. 27. Note that since insertcapability does not exist on the protect path, the DAI 250a whose normalpath is being checked is configured such that overwrite is not allowed.The normal output of the first DAI 250a connects into the protect pathof the third DAI 250c, while the protect output of the second DAI 250bconnects into the normal input of the third DAI 250c. The first andsecond DAI 250a,b must have the same input signal on the normal inputs.The Bit for Bit Compare circuit 470 in the third DAI 250c then comparesthe two streams and reports the relative alignment within 3 bits.

V. SUMMARY

The embodiments disclosed herein for the DS3 signal access system 170can be extended to other telephone and communications networks.

Although the invention has been described with reference to specificembodiments, the description is intended to be illustrative of theinvention and is not intended to be limiting. Various modifications andapplications may occur to those skilled in the art without departingfrom the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined in theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. In a telephone network, a compare circuit for twodigital signals, comprising:a delay for one of the signals; an m-bitshift register for receiving the signal from the delay; an n-bit shiftregister for receiving the other signal; and an m-bit comparator forsimultaneously comparing each of the m-bits with one of the n bits,wherein at least one of the signals is indicative of a signal in thetelephone network.
 2. The compare circuit defined in claim 1, wherein acomparison is made having up to the absolute value of m-n bits oflatency between the two digital signals.
 3. The compare circuit definedin claim 1, wherein the m-bit shift register is a seven bit shiftregister and the n-bit shift register is a four bit shift register. 4.The compare circuit defined in claim 1, wherein each digital signalcomprises a DS3 signal.
 5. The compare circuit defined in claim 1,additionally comprising a switch control circuit, receivably connectedto the ouput of the m-bit comparator, to control which digital signal isprocessed by other circuits.
 6. In a telephone network, a method forcomparing two digital signals, comprising the steps of:delaying one ofthe signals, received from the telephone network; storing m bits of thedelayed signal; storing n bits of the other signal; simultaneouslycomparing each of the m bits with one of the n bits; and generating acompare signal based upon the comparison.
 7. The method defined in claim6, wherein the m-bit shift register is a seven bit shift register andthe n-bit shift register is a four bit shift register.
 8. The methoddefined in claim 6, wherein each digital signal comprises a DS3 signal.9. The method defined in claim 6, wherein a hitless switch is madebetween the signals.